QE 

IH7 
As 

tf.2-l 


UC-NRLF 


34  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

county,  Guilford  county,  Gaston  county,  and  at  Beam's  farm,  near 
Center  Point,  Iredell  county. 

59.     GUMMITE. 

Discovered  by  Prof.  Kerr  in  1877,  at  Flat  Rock,  Mitchell  county. 
Often  found  in  indistinct  cubical  crystals  with  octahedral  planes,  usu- 
ally in  amorphous  compact  nodular  masses  of  a  faint  resinous  lustre 
and  of  shades  between  reddish  yellow  and  deep  orange  red.  Fracture 
uneven  to  subconchoidal.  Spec.  gr.  4.840.  The  mean  of  three  analy- 
ses which  I  have  made  gives  it  composition  as  follows  : 

Silicic  Acid, 4.63 

Alumina, 0.53 

Baryta, , 0.98 

Strontia, , 0.05 

Lime, 2.05 

Plumbic  Oxide, , 5.57 

Uranic  Oxide, 75.20 

Phosphoric  Acid,.... 0.12 

Water, 10.54 

99.77 

This  analyses  shows  that  the  so-called  gummite  is  not  a  distict  min- 
eral species  but  a  mechanical  mixture,  the  North  Carolina  variety 
being : 

Uranic  hydrate, 40.10  per  cent. 

Uranotil, 33.38    "      " 

Lead-Uranate,' 22.66    "      " 

Barium-Uranate, 4.26    *'      " 

100.40 

Results  from  the  alteration  of  U raninite.  Found  also  at  the  Deake  and 
Lewis  mines,  Mitchell  county.  A  similar  mineral  is  found  in  small 
quantity  at  Buchanan  mine,  Mitchell  county. 

60.      PSILOMELANE. 

It  is  often  an  associate  of  gold  and  iron  ores  in  coatings  of  the  quartz 
at  Scott's  Hill,  Burke  county,  together  with  pyrolusite  at  Beck's  ore 


MINERALOGY.  35 

bank,  on  the  High  Shoals,  Gaston  county,  and  inbotryoidal  masses  in 
a  vein,  said  to  be  four  feet  wide,  near  Lenoir,  in  Caldwell  county,  near 
Bakersville,  and  at  Gillespies  Gap  in  Mitchell  county,  on  Cove  Creek, 
and  Richland  Creek,  Haywood  county,  and  at  Buckhorn  in  Chatham. 
In  Gaston  county  at  the  Long  Creek  mine,  on  Cross  Mountain,  Or- 
mond  ore  bank,  etc.,  a  variety  occurs,  which  contains  a  small  quantity 
of  cobalt  and  nickel.  Also  found  in  McDowell  and  Lincoln  counties. 

61.    WAD. 

There  is  often  an  imperceptible  change  from  pyrolusite  into  psilo- 
melane  and  wad,  that,  without  analysis,  it  is  often  difficult  to  know  to 
which  a  specimen  may  belong.  The  earthy  varieties  are  generally 
called  wad.  A  brownish,  black  earthy  wad  occurs  near  Murphy, 
Cherokee  county,  also  near  Franklin,  in  Macon  county,  and  Webster, 
in  Jackson  county,  and  at  Gillespie  Gap,  Mitchell,  and  in  Burke,  Ca- 
tawba,  Surry  and  Mecklenburg. 

62.    SENARMONTITE  on  VALENTINTITE. 

The  incrustation  of  the  native  antimony  of  Burke  county,  which 
does  not  show  any  crystalline  planes,  belongs  to  either  one  or  the  other 
of  these  species. 

63.    BISMITE. 

An  earthy  greenish  yellow  and  straw  yellow  mineral  has  been  ob- 
served at  the  King's  Mountain  mine,  and  the  Asbury  vein  in  Gaston 
county.  It  is  probably  Bismite. 

• 

64.      MOLYBOITE. 

Found  associated  with  molybdenite  as  a  yellow  earthy  powder,  near 
Pioneer  Mills,  Cabarrus  county. 

65.    QUARTZ. 

As  a  constituent  of  most  of  the  rocks  of  North  Carolina,  and  the 
gangue-rock  of  almost  every  vein,  it  occurs  nearly  everywhere  through- 
out the  State.  Several  of  its  varieties,  however,  are  of  more  than 


LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  Of 
CAUKHtNIA 


EARTH 

SCIENCES 
U&RARY 


I    //U  /  /  ^  I V  / •    ...• •      ' 


/2e/?/)         .  ±c  *£/>& 

TOE    MINERALS 


AND 


IINERAL  LOCALITIES 


OK 


Being  Chapter  I.  of  the  Second  Volume  of  the 


GEOLOGY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


iesi. 


fMENI 


RALEIGH: 

P.  M.  HAI.K  and  KDWARDS,  UHOUGHTOS  &  Co.,  State  Printers  and  Binders, 

1881. 


EARTN 

Geology  of ,  North  Carolina,  sss 

<»•  ^  » 

CHAPTER    I. 

MINERALOGY. 

BY   F.    A.    GENTH   AND   W.  C.    KERR. 

It  has  seemed  desirable  to  give  in  this,  as  in  the  previous  volume,. 
a  compendious  account  of  the  mineralogy  of  the  state;  and  the  Sur- 
vey has  been  fortunate  in  getting  Dr.  Genth,  as  before,  to  prepare  the- 
body  of  the  chapter  on  this  subject. 

The  scope  of  the  paper  has  been  enlarged  as  compared  with  the 
former  "appendix,"  so  as  to  include  much  new  materials. 

And  in  addition  to  the  general  synopsis,  he  has,  by  request,  thrown 
his  accessible  materials  and  mineral  localities  into  the  form  of  a  Cata- 
logue of  the  minerals  by  counties.  This  brings  out  and  emphasizes  the 
important  fact  of  the  very  wide  distribution  of  the  mineral  wealth  of 
the  state. 

The  mineralogical  map  which  accompanies  the  volume  will  make 
this  feature  of  the  subject  still  more  impressive. 

In  1871,  (before  the  preparation  of  the  appendix  on  minerals  for  the 
report  of  1875,)  Dr.  Genth  went  over  the  entire  collection  in  the  State 
Museum,  specimen  by  specimen,  besides  being  taken  to  visit  many  of 
the  most  interesting  mineral  localities  of  the  state.  He  .was  thus 
enabled  to  bring  into  view  the  latest  discoveries  in  this  field,  and  to 
give  a  complete  exposition  of  the  subject  up  to  date.  Since  that  time 
much  new  material  has  been  added  to  the  state  collection,  which  he 
has  not  had  an  opportunity  to  examine,  except  in  occasional  instances, 
for  the  investigation  of  new  species ;  and  the  range  of  occurrence  of 
many  known  species,  and  the  number  of  localities  yielding  them  have 
been  greatly  extended ;  all  these  new  data  have  been  embodied.  Sev- 
eral causes  have  been  operative  in  giving  a  very  considerable  impulse 
to  the  mineral  development  of  the  state,  and  the  addition  of  many 
new  species  to  the  list  of  its  known  minerals,  some  of  ^them  of  great 
interest,  and  a  number  of  them  not  hitherto  or  elsewhere  discovered 
in  America.  The  Mica  mining  industry,  for  example,  has  brought  to 

477 


2  GEOLOGY    OF    NORTH   CAROLINA. 

light  a  great  many  new  and  rare  species.  The  Mica  veins  carry  a 
larger  number  of  rare  and  complex  combinations  than  those  of  any 
other  description.  Among  the  minerals  of  this  character  which  a 
number  of  these  mines  have  yielded,  may  be  noted  the  following : 

RARE    MINERALS    FOUND    IN    THE    MICA    MINES. 

Samarskite,  Urarinite,  Pyrochlore, 

Hatchettolite,  Allanite,  Fergusonite, 

Columbite,  Gummite,  Phosphuranylite, 

Beryl,  Uranotil,  Rogersite, 

JEschinite,  Uranochre,  Tantalite, 

Autunite,  Euxenite,  Yttrotantalite. 

As  an  illustration  of  complexity  of  some  of  these  mineral  combina- 
tions and  the  variety  of  rare  elements  entering  into  their  composition, 
one  of  the  most  common,  Samarskite,  contains  columbium.  wolframium, 
•tin,  uranium,  yttrium,  zirconium,  thorium  and  cerium;  and  Euxenite 
contains  columbium,  tantalum,  titanium,  uranium,  cerium,  lanthanum  and 
yttrium. 

The  corundum  mines,  in  the  chrysolite  ledges  of  the  mountain  re- 
gion, have  also  added  to  the  catalogue  a  number  of  rare  minerals,  and 
some  new  to  science.  Among  these  are  maconite.  lesleyite,  wilcoxite, 
kerrite,  culsagerite,  (all  new),  chromite,  kokscharoffite,  smaragdite, 
genthite,  dudleyite,arfvedsonite,  penninite,bronzite,  enstatite,  picrolite, 
spinel,  deweylite,  prochlorite,  cerolite,  fibrolite,  margarite,  damourite. 

And  the  discovery  of  so  many  mineral  rarities  has  attracted  scien- 
tific and  amateur  explorers  and  collectors  from  all  quarters,  with  the 
result  of  wider  and  more  minute  and  systematic  exploration  and 
search  for  new  and  rare  minerals.  Several  parties  have  spent  months 
and  years  in  this  sort  of  exploration,  and  have  added  not  only  many 
new  localities  of  known  minerals,  but  a  number  of  species  of  rare  oc- 
currence and  great  scientific  (and  occasionally  economic)  interest. 
Prof.  John  T.  Humphreys,  for  example,  has  spent  four  years  in  a  sys- 
tematic exploration  of  half  a  dozen  counties  in  the  middle  and  pied- 
mont sections  of  the  state,  and  has  discovered,  among  other  things,  a 
great  many  very  interesting  and  unique  forms  of  quartz  cr3rstals  and 
rutiles,  and  has  added  a  great  number  to  the  list  of  new  mineral  lo- 
calities ;  all  of  which  he  has  kindly  communicated  to  me  for  this  re- 
port. A  large  part  of  the  valuable  list  of  localities  in  the  catalogues 
of  Catawba  and  Burke  we  owe  to  him,  as  well  as  a  number  in  Alex- 


MINERALOGY.  3 

ander  and  elsewhere.  In  his  extraordinary  collection  of  quartzes,  he 
has  "  one  group  of  1.3  smoky  crystals,  having  52  rnoveable  bubbles 
and  9  basal  planes,  and  one  crystal  with  a  basal  plane  and  enclosing 
a  gas,  a  liquid,  and  a  solid." 

Mr.  J.  A.  D.  Stevenson,  of  Statesville,  has  also  discovered  during  the 
last  few  years  a  great  many  new  and  most  interesting  mineral  locali- 
ties and  minerals  in  Iredell  and  Alexander,  and  much  of  the  interest 
and  value  of  the  mineral  lists  for  those  counties  is  due  directly  or  in- 
directly to  him. 

And  his  discoveries,  and  those  of  Prof.  Humphreys,  which  they 
have  generously  and  freely  made  public,  for  the  benefit  of  all  who 
might  be  interested,  and  the  new  discoveries  in  the  mountains,  have 
attracted  to  these  fields  amateurs  and  students,  who  are  continuing 
the  search  with  much  success.  Among  these,  Mr.  W.  E.  Hidden,  of 
New  York,  has  spent  many  months  in  explorations  and  mining  for 
these  mineral  rarities,  and  has  himself  added  a  number  of  very  inter- 
esting discoveries,  which  are  noted  in  the  proper  place.  He  has  fig- 
ured and  described  for  me  some  of  the  novel  forms  of  quartz  crys- 
tals above  referred  to,  and  lias  also  furnished  some  valuable  notes 
of  his  observations  and  discoveries  in  several  counties,  which  are  in- 
serted at  the  end  of  this  chapter.  Of  especial  interest  is  his  investiga- 
tion of  the  supposed  diopside  of  Alexander,  which  turns  out  to  be  a 
new  variety  of  spodumene,  and  is  likely  to  prove  a  matter  of  commer- 
cial interest. 

Dr.  C.  L.  Hunter  has  also  kindly  furnished  a  list  of  mineral  locali- 
ties in  Gaston,  Lincoln  and  elsewhere. 

From  Mr.  G.  B.  Hanna,  of  the  U,  S.  Assay  Office,  Charlotte,  I  have 
also  obtained  quite  an  extended  list  of  mineral  localities  of  the  neigh- 
boring gold  region.  And  to  Prof.  A.  A.  Julien  the  survey  is  indebted 
for  notes  of  the  occurrence  of  notable  minerals  at  many  points  in  the 
mica  mining  section  of  the  state,  and  elsewhere. 

The  present  chapter  includes,  therefore,  in  addition  to  the  materials 
which  Dr.  Genth  had  embodied,  all  the  information  on  the  subject 
that  has  been  gathered  from  all  these  and  many  other  sources,  up  to 
Dec.  16,  1880,  several  valuable  items  having  been  received  within  a 
few  days  ,  so  that  the  list  of  North  Carolina  mineral  species  has  been 
very  considerably  extended,  and  I  have  been  able  to  add  several  new 
ones  within  the  last  few  weeks. 

The  number  given  in  1875  was  140 ;  it  has  now  reached  178,  an  in- 
crease of  more  than  25  per  cent.  This  is  a  greater  number  of  species 


4  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

than  has  been  discovered  in  any  other  state;  and  if  there  had  been 
means  to  make  a  complete  investigation  of  all  the  materials  in  hand, 
the  number  would  probably  have  fallen  little  short  of  200. 

The  first  part  of  this  chapter  stands  substantially  as  Dr.  Genth  pre- 
pared it,  except  as  to  about  a  dozen  species,  which  I  have  since  added, 
and  also  except  a  large  number  of  localities  added  from  the  sources 
above  mentioned,  that  were  not  accessible  to  him. 

The  second  part  of  the  chapter,  the  catalogue,  has  been  more  than 
doubled  since  it  left  his  hands.  Such  has  been  the  rapid  growth  of 
our  knowledge  in  this  department  in  ten  years ;  and  the  indications 
are  that  the  next  decade  will  furnish  the  means  of  a  still  greater 
advance. 

It  is  deemed  of  sufficient  practical  interest,  from  an  economic  point 
of  view,  to  signalize  for  special  note,  the  wide  distribution  of  some  of 
the  more  valuable  metallic  ores — of  gold,  iron  and  copper,  and  the  asso- 
ciated ores  of  zinc,  lead  and  silver. 

GOLD  occurs  almost  universally  wherever  the  rocks  are  not  covered 
up  by  drifts,  both  free  and  in  association  with  pyrite  and  chalcopy- 
rite,  &c.,  as  will  be  seen  by  a  glance  at  the  catalogue. 

IRON  is  found  in  all  the  sections  and  in  nearly  all  the  counties  of  the 
state,  in  some  of  its  ores,  magnetite,  (gray  ore})  hematite,  (specular,}  limo- 
nite,  (brown  ore,)  siderite,  (ball  ore  and  black  band,)  &c. 

COPPER  occurs  in  a  majority  of  the  counties  in  which  the  rocks 
(and  veins)  are  not  concealed  by  superficial  deposits,  in  the  common 
ores,  chalcopyrite  and  barnhardite,  (copper  pyrites,  or  yellow  copper?)  chalco- 
cite,  (copper  glance)  melaconite,  (black  copper,)  malachite  and  chysocolla, 
(green  copper,)  azurite  and  covellite,  (blue  copper,)  bornite,  (purple  copper) 
besides  cuprite,  (red  copper,)  and  many  other  less  important  ores. 

ZINC  occurs  in  many  places  in  the  ore  sphalerite  (blende,)  commonly 
associated  with  the  more  common  ore  of  LEAD,  viz  :  galenite,  (galena,) 
which  will  be  noted  as  of  very  frequent  occurrence. 

SILVER  is  very  commonly  associated  with  gold,  both  the  free  gold 
of  the  placers  (or  gravels)  as  a  native  alloy,  and  as  argentite,  (silver 
glance,)  in  combination  with  galenite,  above  mentioned  as  the  leading 
ore  of  lead,  and  its  frequent  association  with  copper  will  also  be  noted. 

The  wide  distribution  of  many  other  useful  minerals  will  be  also 
observed  at  a  glance ;  e.  g.  muscovite,  (mica,)  chromite,  corundum,  calcitef 
in  limestone  beds  in  the  piedmont  and  mountain  sections,  and  in  marl 
beds  in  most  of  the  eastern  counties,  barite,  [kaolin,  &c.,  &c. 


MINERALOGY. 


The  following  is  the  list  of  mineral  species  hitherto  found  in  the 
State  and  described  below : 


Native  Elements.  } 

39.  Yttrocerite. 

82.  Phlosropite. 

1.  Gold. 

83.  Biotite. 

2.  Silver. 

Oxides. 

84.  Muscovite. 

3.  Platinum. 

40.  Cuprite. 

85.  Labradorite* 

4.  Palladium. 

41.  Melaconite. 

86.  Andesite. 

5.  Copper. 

42.  Corundum. 

87.  Oligoclase. 

6.  Iron. 

43.  Hematite. 

88.  Albite. 

7.  Lead. 

44.  Menaccauite. 

89.  Orthoclase. 

8.  Antimony. 

45.  Spinel. 

90.  Tourmaline. 

9.  Sulphur. 

46.  Gahnite. 

91.  Fibrolite. 

10.  Diamond. 

47.  Magnetite. 

92.  Cyanite. 

11.  Graphite. 

48.  Chromite. 

93.  Topaz. 

49.  Uraninite. 

94.  Euclase. 

SnlpJiids,  SfC. 

50.  Kutile. 

95.  Titanite. 

12.  Bisrnuthinite. 

51.  Anatase. 

96.  Staurolite. 

13.  Tetradymite. 

52.  Brookite, 

14.  Molybdenite. 

53.  Pyrolusite. 

Hydrous  Silicates. 

15.  Argentite. 

54.  Braun'te. 

97.  Chrysocolla. 

16.  Galeuite. 

55.  Hausmannite. 

98.  Calamine. 

17.  Altaite. 

56.  Diaspore. 

99.  Talc. 

18.  Bornite. 

57.  Goethite. 

100.  Pyrophyllite. 

19.  Sphalerite. 

58.  Limonite. 

101.  Stilpnomelane. 

20.  Chalcocite. 

5!).  Gummite. 

102.  Glauconite. 

21.  Troilite. 

60.  Psilomelane. 

103.  Serpentine. 

22.  Pyrrhotite. 

61.  Wad. 

104.  Deweylite. 

23.  Sehreibersite. 

62.  Senarmontite. 

105.  Cerolite. 

24.  Pynte. 

63.  Bismite. 

106.  Genthite. 

25.  Clialcopyrite. 

64.  Molybdite. 

107.  Kaolinite. 

26.  Barnhurdtite, 

65.  Quartz. 

108.  Saponite. 

27.  Marcasite. 

66.  Opal. 

109.  Halloysite. 

28.  Leucopyrite. 

110.  Finite. 

29.  Arsenopyrite. 

Silicates. 

111.  Margarodite. 

30.  Nagyagite. 

67.  Enstatite. 

112.  Paragonite. 

31.  Covellite. 

68.  Pyroxene. 

113.  Damourite. 

69.  Spodumene. 

114.  Culsageeite. 

Sulpharsenids,  SfC. 

70.   4mphibole. 

115.  Kerrite. 

32.  Proustite. 

71.  Smaragdite. 

116.  Maconite. 

33.  Aikinite. 

72.  Arfvedsonite. 

117.  Penninite. 

34.  Tetrahedrite. 

73.  Ctv>c  dolite  . 

118.  Prochlorite. 

74.  Beryl. 

119.  Chloritoid. 

Chlorids,  SfC. 

75.  Chrysolite. 

120.  Willcoxite. 

35.  Halite. 

76.  Garnet. 

121.  Margarite. 

36.  Cerargyrite. 

77.  Zircon. 

122.  Dudleyite. 

37.  Ferrous  chloride. 

78.  Vesuvinnite. 

123.  Uranotil. 

79.  Epidote. 

124.  Uranochre. 

Fhuonda. 

80.  Allanite. 

125.  Zippeite. 

38.  Fluorite. 

81.  Zoisite. 

G 


GEOLOGY   OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


Tantalates^  tyc. 

126.  Pyrochlore. 

127.  Hatchettolite. 

128.  Tantalite. 

129.  Columbite. 

130.  Yttrotantalite. 

131.  Samarskite. 

132.  Euxenite. 

133.  ^Eschynite." 

134.  Rutherfordite. 

135.  Fergusonite. 

136.  Eogersite. 

Phosphates,  fyc* 

137.  Xenotime. 

138.  Apatite. 

139.  Pyrouiorphlte-. 

140.  Monazite. 

141.  Vivianite. 

142.  Olivenite. 

143.  Pseuclomalachite. 

144.  Lazulite. 


145.  Scorodite. 

163.  AlunogeiK 

146.  Wavellite. 

164.  Jarosiie. 

147.  Pharmacosiderfte. 

165.  Montanite. 

148.  Dufrenite. 

149.  Phospuranylite. 

Carbonates* 

150.  Autunite. 

166.  Caleite. 

161.  Nitre. 

167.  Dolomite. 

168.  Magucsite. 

TungstaJes.  SfC^. 

169.  Siderite. 

152.  Wolframite. 

170.  Ehodochrosite. 

153.  Rhombic  Ttmgstate  of 

171.  Cerussite. 

Lime. 

172,  Malachite. 

154.  Scheelite. 

173.  Azurite. 

155.  Cupix>sciieelite. 

174.  Bismutite. 

156.  Stolzite. 

Mineral  Coal. 

Sulphates,  Sfc*. 

175.  Anthracite. 

157.  Barite. 

176.  Bituminous  Coal. 

158.  Anglesite. 

177.  Lignite. 

159.  Crocoite. 

169.  Melanterite. 

Organic  Compound 

161.  Goslarite. 

17&  Succinite;. 

162.  Clialcanthite-. 

MINERALOGY. 


PROF.  W.  C.  KERR, 

State  Geologist  of  North  Carolina  : 
SIR: 

I  beg  to  submit  a  revised  list  of  the  minerals  found  in  North  Car- , 
olina,  which  I  have  prepared  in  compliance  with  your  request. 

Since  the  publication  of  the  first  preliminary  report,  many  species 
have  been  added,  and  the  true  nature  of  others  has  been  established, 
but,  for  the  want  of  an  appropriation  for  this  special  purpose,  no  sys- 
tematic investigation  of  the  whole  domain  of  mineralogy  could  be  at- 
tempted. For  this  reason  a  great  many  interesting  occurrences  have 
not  been  studied  and  doubts  rest  on  many  as  to  their  true  nature,  and 
it  must  be  left  to  the  future  to  clear  up  obscurities  }ret  existing. 

Instead  of  giving,  as  in  the  first  report,  merely  the  names  and  lo- 
calities, I  have  added  all  the  analyses  of  N.  C.  minerals  which  I  have 
been  enabled  to  find  in  scientific  periodicals,  and  I  have  made,  or  had 
made  in  the  Laboratory  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  a  number 
of  others  which  appeared  to  be  of  importance,  for  the  correct  determi- 
nation of  many  species. 

As  an  appendix  to  the  list  of  minerals,  I  have,  as  far  as  I  have  been 
able  to  do  so,  arranged  them  by  the  counties  in  which  they  are  found. 

The  systematic  arrangement  is  the  same  which  was  followed  in  the 
first  report. 

I  have  received  generous  aid  in  the  preparation  of  this  report  by 
contributions  of  valuable  specimens,  and  communication  of  new  local- 
ities and  suggestions  from  Mrs.  H.  A.  Burdick  of  Franklin,  Macon 
county,  of  Mr.  J.  A.  D.  Stephenson  of  Statesville,  Prof.  J.  T.  Hum- 
phreys of  Greensboro,  and  others,  to  whom  I  am  greatly  indebted  for 
their  disinterested  kindness. 

From  this  list  of  the  North  Carolina  minerals  it  will  be  observed 
that  since  the  publication  of  the  first  report  about  eight  years  ago,  twenty 
three*  species  have  been  added,  which  were  either  new,  or  not  yet  dis- 
tinguished. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 

F.  A.  GENTH. 

MARCH  13th,  1880. 

*As  stated  on  a  preceeding  page,  this  number  has  been  increased  to  38  at  the  date 
of  publication,  in  December. 

W.  C.  KERB. 


GEOLOGY   OF    NOETH   CAROLINA. 


MINERALS. 

I.  NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 
1.  GOLD. 

Gold  occurs  in  numerous  localities  throughout  the  State,  generally 
in  quartz  veins  of  the  gneissic,  granitic  and  dioritic  rocks,  also  in  those 
of  the  talcose,  chloride  and  argillaceous  slates,  and  in  beds  of  the 
slates  themselves,  and  in  gravel  deposits,  the  debris  of  the  decomposed 
rocks  and  veins.  The  principal  counties  in  which  it  has  been  found 
in  sufficient  quantity  for  exploitation  are:  Franklin,  Nash,  Granville, 
Alamance,  Chatham,  Moore,  Guilford,  Davidson,  Randolph,  Mont- 
gomery, Stanly,  Union,  Cabarrus,  Rowan,  Mecklenburg,  Lincoln, 
Gaston,  Catawba,  Caldwell,  Burke,  McDowell,  Rutherford,  Polk, 
CJeaveland,  Cherokee,  Jackson,  Transyvania  and  Watauga. 

It  is  generally  more  or  less  alloyed  with  silver,  varying  from  pure 
gold  on  the  one  side  to  pure  silver  on  the  other.  Near  the  surface  it 
is  usually  associated  with  limonite  and  at  a  greater  depth  of  the  de- 
posits with  pyrite,  chalcopyrite,  galenite,  zincblende,  tetradymite, 
arsenopyrite,  rarely  with  altaite  and  nagyagite.  Specimens  of  gold, 
remarkable  for  their  size,  have  been  found  at  the  Reid  Mine,  in  Ca- 
barrus county,  the  Crump  Mine  and  the  Swift  Island  Mine,  in  Mont- 
gomery country,  (at  the  latter  place  in  plates,  covered  with  octahedral 
crystals,)  at  the  Cansler  &  Shuford  Mine,  in  Gaston  county,  and  the 
Little  John  Mine,  in  Caldwell  county,  and  Pax  Hill  in  Burke  county. 
Very  beautiful  arborescent  gold  has  been  obtained  from  the  Shemwell 
vein  in  Rutherford  county.  The  variety,  "  electrura,"  containing  from 
36  to  40  per  cent,  of  silver,  has  been  met  with  in  octahedral  crystals 
at  Ward's  Mine,  in  Davidson  county;  also,  in  Union  county,  at  the 
Pewter  Mine,  and  associated  with  galenite  and  zincblende  at  the 
Stewart  and  Lemmond  mines,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Gold  Hill 
Rowan  county. 

According  to  Dr.  Asbury,  very  interesting  specimens  have  been 
found  at  Silver  Hill,  when  the  mine  was  first  opened,  consisting  of 
lumps  of  several  inches  in  length,  one  end  of  which  was  pure  gold, 
while  the  other  was  pure  silver.  None  of  them  have  been  preserved. 


MINERALOGY. 
2.    SILVER. 

This  is,  on  the  whole,  a  rare  mineral  in  North  Carolina.  It  has 
been  obtained  in  considerable  quantities  at  Silver  Hill,  in  its  native 
state,  foliated  and  in  plates  in  cerussite,  also  associated  with  argentite, 
galenite,  zincblende,  in  small  lumps,  and  arborescent  and  filifirm 
masses  ;  it  has  also  been  found  in  small  plates  and  reticulated  masses, 
associated  with  tetrahedrite  and  zincblende,  at  the  McMakin  Mine,  in 
Cabarrus  county;  two  specimens  of  laminated  silver  have  been  ob- 
served by  Dr.  Asbury  at  the  Asbury  Mine,  in  Gaston  county ;  it  has 
also  been  found  by  Hon.  C.  J,  Cowles,  of  the  Charlotte  Mint,  associated 
with  chalcocite,  at  Gap  Creek  Mine,  Ashe  county,  and  rarely  with  the 
gold  ores  of  Scott's  Hill,  Burke  county. 

3.    PLATINUM. 

The  occurrance  of  grains  of  platinum  among  the  sands  of  gold- 
washings  of  Rutherford  and  Burke  counties,  was  first  brought  to  no- 
tice by  General  Clingman,  who  sent  half  a  dozen  grains  from  a  mine, 
near  Jeanestown,  to  Prof.  C.  U.  Shepard.  It  has  also  been  found  on 
Brown  Mountain,  in  Burke,  northwest  of  Morganton,  on  Gen.  R.  F. 
Hoke's  land.  It  is  reported  as  having  been  found  near  Burnsville, 
Yancey  county. 

4.    PALLADIUM. 

General  Clingman  sent  a  specimen  to  Prof.  C.  U.  Shepard,  which 
came  probably  from  Burke  or  Rutherford  county,  which  the  latter 
pronounced  "  native  palladium." 

5.    COPPER. 

It  has  been  found  in  small  quantities  in  several  mines,  principally 
near  the  surface,  so  in  minute  distorted  crystals  with  limonite  at  the 
McCulloch  Mine,  in  Guilford  county,  arborescent  and  in  crystalline 
plates  at  the  Union  Copper  Mine, in  Cabarrus  county, near  Gold  Hill; 
one  lump  of  copper,  about  two  inches  in  size,  much  resembling  that 
from  the  Cliff  Mine,  Lake  Superior,  said  to  have  been  found  in  Stokes 
county,  is  in  the  Museum  at  Raleigh  ;  it  also  occurs  in  quartz  and 
epidote-rock  at  Harris  mountain,  one-half  mile  east  of  Gillis  Mine, 


10  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Person  county,  and  at  Wolf  Creek  Mine,  Jackson  county,  and  Ore 
Knob,  Ashe  county.  A  very  interesting  association  is  that  of  native 
copper  in  quartz  crystals  from  lower  Mecklenburg  county,  as  observed 
by  Mr.  E.  Bissell. 

6.    IRON. 

No  terrestrial  native  iron  has  been  observed  in  North  Carolina,  but 
a  great  number  of  highly  interesting  meteoric  masses  have  been  found 
in  the  State;  many  of  them  have  been  preserved  through  the  indus- 
trious perseverance  of  General  Clingman,aiid  were  described  by  Prof. 
Shepard.  The  meteorites  found  were  both  irons  and  stones.  They 
are  : 

1.  The  Caswell  county  iron,  which  fell  on  January  7th,  1880;  it 
weighed  three  pounds,  and  was  described  by  Madison. 

2.  The  Guilford  county  iron  was  found  in   1820 ;  weighed  twenty- 
eight  pounds,  and  was  described  by  C.  U.  Shepard  in  1841. 

3.  The  Randolph  county  iron   was  found   in    1822,  and  weighed 
about  two  pounds  ;  it  was  described  by  C.  U.  Shepard  ;    it  is  highly 
crystalline,  distinctly  foliated  and  presents  thin  much  interlaced  lam- 
inae.    When  polished  and  etched  it  shows  very  fine  almost  invisible 
feathery  lines,  much  resembling  hoar-frost  on  a  window  pane.     It  is, 
according  to  Shepard,  pure  iron  with  cobalt  only  in 'traces.     It  has  a 
hardness  like  the  best  tempered  steel,  and  a  spec,  gravity  =  7.618. 

4.  The  Black  Mountain  iron,  from  the  head  of  the  Swannanoa  river, 
15  miles  east  of  Asheville.     It  weighed  21  ounces  and  is  evidently  a 
a  fragment  from  a  larger  mass.     It  is  highly  crystalline,  laminated, 
the  laminae  being  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch   in  thickness  and  ar- 
ranged parallel  to  octahedral  planes.     Sulphide  of  iron  being  inclosed 
between  the  Iamina3  renders  it  subject  to  rapid  weathering.     The  an- 
alysis by  C.  U.  Shepard  gave 

Iron, , 96.04 

Nickel  with  trace  of  cobalt, 2.52 

Insoluble,  sulphur  and  loss, 1.44 

Spec.  Grav.  7.261. 

It  was  discovered  in  1835. 

5.  The  Asheville  iron,  discovered  in  1839  on  Col.  Baird's  plantation 
near  the  French  Broad  river,  six  miles  north  of  Ashville  ;  it  weighed 
about  thirty  pounds.     It  contains  chloride  of  iron. 


MINERALOGY.  11 

6.  The  Buncombe  county  iron,  found  in  1845  and  described  by  C. 
U.  Shepard  in  1846,  weighed  about  twenty-seven  pounds. 

7.  The  Hominy  Creek  iron,  near  the  base  of  Pisgah  Mountain,  ten 
miles  west  of  Ashville.     It  weighed  between  five  and  six  pounds.     It 
is  vesicular  near  the  surface,  and  is  said  to  contain  chrysolite,  and  be- 
comes more  compact  towards  the  central  portion.     The  polished  and 
etched  portions  of  the  compact  meteorite  shows  the  most  delicate 
Widmannstsedtean  figures,  consisting  of  very  minute  and  thickly  in- 
terspersed triangular  figures.      Spec.'  grav.   7.32.      The  analysis  by 
Clark  gave 

Iron 93.225 

Nickel  (cobalt) 0.236 

Iron,  Nickel,  Phosphorus  and  Graphite, 4.765 

Copptrancl  Tin, 0.099 

Sulphur, 0.543 

Silicon, 0.501 

Magnesium,  Manganese, traces. 

99.369 

8.  The  Madison  county  iron,  from  Jewel  Hill.     Several  masses  have 
been  found;  one  in  1857,   which   weighed    about  forty  pounds,  and 
which  seems   to  have  disappeared,  if  that   described  by  J.  L.  Smith 
of  eight  pounds  and  thirteen  ounces,  of  which  he  says  it  had  been  dis- 
covered in  1856,  is  not  a  portion  of  it.  The  other  found  in  August,  1873, 
about  one  mile  east  of  the  first,  has  been  analyzed   by  B.  S.  Burton. 
It  weighed  when  found  twenty-five  pounds.     It  shows  indistinct  Wid- 
mannsta3dtean  figures  on  etching,  and  has  a  spec.  grav.  of  7.46.    Both 
masses  show  constant  deliquescence  from  chloride  of  iron. 

The  analyses  gave : 

J.  L.  Smith.    B.  S.  Burton. 

Iron, 91.12  9424 

Nickel, 7.S2  5.17 

Cobalt,  0.43  0.37 

Phosphorus, O.OS  insoluble  0.15    (Silica,  Iron,  Nickel,  Chrome  and 

Copper, trace.  trace.        [Phosphorus. 

99.45  100.07 

9.  The  Hay  wood  county  iron,  described  by  Shepard,  weighed  only 
|  of  an  ounce.     It  is  highly  crystalline;    when  polished  and  etched 
shows  brilliant  Widmannstffidteaja  figures ;  it  is  also  irregularly  veined 


12 


GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


by  a  black  mineral,  which  appears  to  be  magnetite.    Spec.  grav.  7.419 
Contains  Iron.  Nickel,  Chrome  and  Phosphorus. 

10.  The  Rockingham  county  iron,  from  Smith's  Mountain,  two 
miles  north  of  Madison,  found  1866  in  an  old  field,  grown  up  with 
pines,  but  cultivated  ten  or  fifteen  years  previously.  It  fell  probably 
in  the  interval.  The  original  weight  was  11  pounds,  the  greater  por- 
tion of  which  is  preserved  in  the  museum  at  Raleigh.  It  is  highly 
crystalline  and  on  etching  gives  fine  Widmannstedtean  figures,  show- 
ing that  it  consists  of  probably  three  different  kinds  of  iron.  Contains 
also  Schreibersite  in  short,  very  minute  quadratic  crystals,  and,  ac- 
cording to  J.  L.  Smith,  solid  chloride  of  iron.  Spec.  grav.  7.78.  It  has 
been  analyzed  by  me  and  J.  L.  Smith  as  follows : 


Gtnih  . 
..  90.41 


Iron, ... 

Nickel, 1 

Cobalt, |  8>74 

Copper, 0.11 

(Iron 0.27 

Insoluble  Phosphide, 4  Nickel  (Cobalt), 0.33 

(Phosphorus, 0.14 


100.00 


Smith. 

90.88 

808 

0.50 

0.03 

0.03 
99.46 


11.  The  Cabarrus  county  stone  fell  on  Oct.  31st,  1849.  It  weighed 
18|  pounds  and  was  an  irregularly  shaped  mass  resembling  a  trun- 
cated foursided  pyramid  on  the  base  a  rounded  undulatory  surface, 
coated  with  a  black  coherent  crust.  Tough.  Color  dark  blueish  grey, 
mottled  with  grains  and  crystals  of  lighter  color.  In  structure  sub- 
porphyritic.  Spec.  grav.  3.60 — 3.66. 

According  to  C.  U.  Shepard  it  contains : 


]ficcoliferous~iron  (with  chrome,  6.320 

Sulphide  of  iron, 3.807 

Silicic  acid,  56.168 

Ferrous  oxide, 18.108 

Magnesia, 10.406 


Alumina, 1.797 

Lime,  Soda,  Potash  and  loss 3.394 


100.000 


12.  The  Nash  county  stones  fell  May  14th,  1874,  near  Castalia.  Per- 
haps a  dozen  or  more  stones  fell,  of  which  three  have  been  found,  one 
of  over  12  pounds,  the  others  of  21  and  1A  pounds.  They  have  a  dull 
black  coating  and  consist  of  darker  and  lighter  portions.  Spec.  grav. 
2.601.  The  analysis  by  J.  L.  Smith  shows  that  it  is  composed  of 


MINERALOGY.  13 


Niccoliferous  iron,  ......................  15.21 

Stony  mineral,  ...........................  84.79 

The  niccoliferous  iron  contains: 

Iron,  ...................................  .  ......  92.12 


Nickel,  .................................  ........  6.20 

Cobalt,  .........................................  0.41 

Copper  and  Phosporus  not  determined. 


98.73 


The  stony  portion  is  partly  soluble  in  acids,  leaving  47.2  p.  c.  undis- 
solved  : 

Insoluble  part  :  Soluble  part  : 

Silicic  acid,  ....................................  52.61  38.01 

Alumina,  ......................................     4.80  0.46 

Ferrous  oxide,  ...............................  13.21  17.51 

Magnesia,  ......................................  27.31  41.27 

Soda  with  traces  of  potash,  ............     1.38  ....... 

Sulphur,  ..............................................  1.01 

99.31  98.23 

The  insoluble  portion  is  "mostly  bronzite;    the  soluble,  chrysolite. 
with  small  particles  of  anorthite  and  enstatite. 

13.  A  peculiar  substance,  consisting  principally  of  iron  and  silicon, 
supposed  to  be  of  meteoric  origin,  has  been  found  near  Rutherfordton. 
Shepard  described  it  and  called  it  "  ferrosilicine." 

14.  The  Davidson  county  iron  was  recently  identified   by  W.  E. 
Hidden.     The  accompanying  figure,  of  which  the  plate  was  kindly 
loaned  to  the  Survey  by  the  editors  of  the  American  Journal  of  Science, 
at  H.'s  request,  will  show  its  size  and  shape  : 


14 


GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


The  following  is  his  description  :  "  On  the  19th  of  July,  1870, 
while  Mr.  Gray  W.  Harris  was  prospecting  for  gold  on  his  plantation 
near  Lick  Creek,  Davidson  county,  he  found  in  a  ditch,  a  nugget  of 
what  appeared  to  him  to  be  silver.  It  was  covered  with  a  thick,  scaly 
crust  of  iron  oxide;  weighed  two  and  three-fourths  pounds  (2|  Ibs.); 
was  pear  shaped,  measured  4|  by  2^  inches  over  its  broadest  surface, 
and  about  one  inch  in  thickness.  Wherever  cut  or  hammered  it 
showed  a  white  metallic  mass  under  laying  the  red  crust. 

This  iron  has  been  analyzed  by  Dr.  J.  Lawrence  Smith  and  J.  13. 
Mackintosh,  E.  M.  I  here  give  the  average  of  four  closely  agreeing 
analyses : 


MINERALOGY.  15 

Jron, 93.00  per  cent. 

Nickel, 5.74    "      " 

Cobalt, 0.52     "      " 

Phosphorus, 0.36     "       " 

Total  per  cent 99.62 

Traces  of  sulphur,  chlorine  and  copper  ;  carbor.  not  determined. 

This  iron  does  not  showjihe  customary  Widmannstoedtean  figures." 

7.    LEAD. 

A  few  small  irregular  lumps  of  what  has  been  alleged  to  be  "  native 
lead,"  were  received  from  Messrs.  Bechtler,  of  Morganton.  They  wero 
said  to  have  been  dug  up  four  miles  north  of  Morganton,  in  making 
a  road  near  the  Catawba  river. 

8.  ANTIMONY. 

A  small  piece  of  native  antimony  was  received  from  Dr.  Hunter. 
It  is  quite  pure  and  free  from  arsenic,  but  coated  with  a  crust  of  anti- 
monic  oxide.  From  a  small  vein  in  Burke  county. 

9.  SULPHUR. 

It  is  frequently  met  with  in  minute  cyrstals  in  cellular  quartz,  filling 
the  cavities  formerly  occupied  by  pyrite,  in  Cabarrus,  Mecklenburg, 
Gaston,  Caldwell,  Surry  and  Stokes  counties ;  it  also  occurs  diffused 
through  the  interstices  of  a  white  quartzose  sandrock  in  Lincoln 
county. 

10.  DIAMOND. 

This  rare  gem  has  been  repeatedly  found  in  North  Carolina,  and 
the  following  occurrences  have  been  well  established.  In  every  in- 
stance it  was  found  associated  with  gold  and  zircons,  sometimes  with 
monazite  and  other  rare  minerals  in  gravel  beds,  resulting  from  gneis- 
sic  rocks,  but  it  has  never  been  observed  in  the  North  Carolina  itacolu- 
mite  or  any  debris  resulting  from  its  disintegration.  The  first  dia- 
mond was  found  in  1843  by  Dr.  M.  F.  Stepheuson,  of  Gainesville, 
Georgia,  at  the  ford  of  Brindletown  creek.  It  was  an  octahedron, 
valued  at  about  one  hundred  dollars.  Another  from  the  same  neigh' 


16  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CATOLINA. 

borhood  came  into  possession  of  Prof.  Featherstonehough,  while  acting 
as  United  States  Geologist. 

The  third  diamond,  at  Twitty's  Mine,  Rutherford  county,  was  ob- 
served in  1846,  by  General  Clingman,  in  D.  J.  Twitty's  collection,  and 
has  been  described  by  Prof.  Shepard.  Its  form  is  a  distorted  hexocta- 
herou,  and  its  color  yellowish. 

The  fourth  came  from  near  Cottage  Home,  in  Lincoln  county,  where 
it  was  discovered  in  the  spring  of  1852,  and  was  recognized  by  Dr.  C. 
L.  Hunter.  It  is  greenish  and  in  form  similar  to  the  last,  but  more 
elongated. 

A  very  beautiful  diamond  was  found  in  the  summer  of  1852  in 
Todd's  branch,  Mecklenburg  county.  It  was  nearly  of  the  first  water 
and  a  perfect  crystal.  It  was  in  possession  of  the  late  Dr.  Andrews, 
of  Charlotte.  Dr.  Andrews  informed  me  that  a  very  beautiful  dia- 
mond of  considerable  size,  like  a  small  chinkapin,  and  of  black  color, 
had  been  found  at  the  same  locality,  by  three  persons,  while  washing 
for  gold.  In  their  ignorance,  believing  that  it  could  not  be  broken, 
they  smashed  it  to  pieces.  Dr.  Andrews  tested  the  hardness  of  a  frag- 
ment, which  scratched  corundum  with  facility,  proving  it  to  be  a 
diamond. 

A  very  beautiful  octahedral  diamond  of  first  water  has  been  found 
many  years  ago  at  the  Portis'  Mine,  Franklin  county.  There  is  a 
report  that  a  second  one  has  been  found  at  the  same  locality. 

A  small  diamond  was  also  found  a  few  years  ago  in  McDowell 
county,  on  the  head  waters  of  Muddy  Creek. 

10.    GRAPHITE. 

Graphite  has  been  found  at  numerous  localities.  It  forms  large 
beds  in  the  gneissoid  and  micaceous  schists ;  sometimes  very  minute 
scales  are  disseminated  through  the  gneissic  and  micaceous,  and  occa- 
sionally the  limestone  rocks.  In  most  places  it  is  impure  and  gritty, 
at  others  purer  and  better  varieties  have  been  obtained.  The  largest 
beds  occur  in  Wake  county,  others  in  Lincoln,  Cleaveland,  Catawba, 
Alexander,  Stokes,  Surry,  Wilkes,  Person,  Alleghany,  Johnston  and 
Yancey  counties. 


MINERALOGY.  17 

II.  COMPOUNDS. 

1.  Sulphids  and  Tellarids  of  metals  of  the  sulphur  and  arsenic  groups. 

.12.      BlSMUTHINITE. 

In  very  minute  crystals  and  specks  in  the  chloritic  slate  associated 
with  gold,  chalcopyrite  and  pyrite  at  the  Earnhardt  vein  of  Gold  Hill, 
Rowan  county. 

13.    TETRADYMITE,  VAE.     2.  SULPHUROUS. 

This  rare  mineral  has  been  found  associated  with  gold  in  quartz  at 
David  Beck's  Mine,  five  miles  west  of  Silver  Hill,  and  at  the  Allen 
Mine,  in  Davidson  county;  also,  in  minute  scales  in  Cabarrus  county, 
at  the  Phoenix  Mine,  Boger  Mine,  Cullen's  Mine,  at  the  Asbury  vein, 
in  Gaston  county,  at  Capt.  Mills'  Mine,  in  Burke  county,  and  Capt. 
Kirksey's,  McDowell  county. 

I  have  analyzed  the  tedradymite  from  Davidson  county,  and  that 
from  the  Phoenix  Mine,  Cabarrus  county,  after  deducting  quartz  and 
gold,  and  found 

Davidson  Co.        Phoenix  Mine. 

Tellurium, 33.84  36.28 

Sulphur, 5.27  5.01 

Selenium, trace.  

Bismuth,  61.35  57.70 

Copper, 0  31 

Iron,  0.54 


100.46  99.94 

14.     MOLYBDENITE. 

In  granite  and  quartz  veins,  in  fine  scales  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Pioneer  Mills  Mine,  Cabarrus  county ;  also,  in  Guilford  county,  and  at 
Peach  Bottom  M.,  Alleghany  county,  at  Haskett's,  Macon  county,  and 
in  many  other  places  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 


18  GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


II.  SULPHIDS,  &C.,  OF  METALS  OF  THE   IRON,  GOLD  AND 

TIN  GROUPS. 

15.     ARGENTITE. 

In  small  grains,  associated  with  native  silver,  in  the  ores  of  Silver 
Hill,  Davidson  county,  and  the  McMakin  Mine,  in  Cabarrus  county, 
also  in  slates  of  Montgomery  county.  (Emmons.)  Found  also  at  the 
Cheek  M.,  Moore  county,  and  at  Higdon's  M.,  in  the  Oowee  Mts., 
and  in  Swain  county. 

16.     GALENITE. 

At  Silver  Hill  sometimes  in  highly  argentiferous,  crystalline,  bluish 
grey  masses,  also  coarsely  and  finely  granular.  In  coarse  grained 
masses  at  the  Hoover  Mine  and  Boss  Mine,  in  Randolph  county,  and 
the  McMakin  Mine,  Cabarrus  county,  in  small  quantities  at  Miller's 
Mine,  Baker  Mine  and  Little  John  Mine,  in  Caldwell  county,  at  Pax 
Hill,  in  Burke  county,  in  Alexander  county,  at  Cansler  &  Shuford 
Mine,  the  Asbury  Mine  and  King's  Mountain  Mine,  and  at  Crowder's 
Mountain  Barite  Mine,  and  at  the  Oliver  M,  in  Gastou  county  ;  highly 
auriferous  and  argentiferous  galenite  occurs  at  the  Stewart  Mine,  Lem- 
mond  M.,  Phifer  M.,  Smart  M.,  Moore  M.,  and  at  the  Crowell  M.,  and 
elsewhere  in  Cabarrus,  and  at  Long  M.  in  Union  county,  at  the  Cheek 
M.,  Moore  county ;  with  copper  ores  it  is  found  at  the  Clegg's  and 
Williams'  Mines,  in  Chatham  county ;  the  Peach  Bottom  Mine,  in 
Alleghany  county;  at  Marshall,  in  Madison  county,  with  gold  at 
Murphy,  Cherokee  county,  and  in  Lincoln,  Macon,  Swain  and  Surry. 
Specimens  of  fine  grained  galenite  have  also  been  obtained  from  Beech 
Mountain,  in  Watauga,  and  on  Elk  creek,  Wilkes  county,  at  the 
Steele  Mine,  Montgomery  county,  and  at  the  Crowell  M.  and  elsewhere 
in  Cabarrus  county. 

17.    ALTAITE. 

This  exceedingly  rare  mineral  occurs  associated  with  gold,  nagya- 
gite,  galenite,  etc.,  at  King's  Mountain  Mine,  Gaston  county. 


MINERALOGY, 


18.      BORNITE   OR   VARIEGATED    COPPER    ORE. 

I  have  crystalline  specimens  of  bornite  from  Guilford  county,  prob- 
ably from  the  Gardner  Hill  Mine;  it  is  of  somewhat  rare  occurrence 
in  North  Carolina,  but  has  been  found  with  other  copper  ores  at  Clegg's 
Mine,  in  Chatham  county,  Marshall,  in  Madison  county,  Peach  Bot- 
tom, Alleghany  county,  and  the  Gap  Creek  Mine,  Ashe  county,  and 
near  Concord,  Cabarrus  county,  and  at  Well's  farm,  in  Gaston. 

19.    SPHALERITE  OR  ZINCBLENDE. 

This  mineral  occurs  in  quantities  sufficient  for  exploitation  only  at 
a,  few  mines.  The  principal  localities  are  Silver  Hill  and  Silver  Val- 
ley, in  Davidson  county,  and  the  McMakin  Mine,  in  Cabarrus  county, 
where  it  is  found  associated  with  silver  ores;  associated  with  gold  ores 
at  Stewart,  Lemmond,  Long  and  Moore  Mines,  and  rarely  at  the  Union 
Mine,  in  Union  county;  in  limestone  at  Dobson's  Mine,  Cedar  Cove, 
McDowell  county,  and  in  Macon  county;  in  small  quantities  with 
other  ores  at  King's  Mountain  Mine,  in  Gaston  county;  at  Clayton, in 
Johnston  county,  near  Marshall,  in  Madison  county,  and  on  ITharrie 
river,  Davidson  county,  at  the  Steele  Mine,  Montgomery  county,  at 
Peach  Bottom  M.,  Alleghany  county,  Crowder's  Mountain,  Gaston 
•county,  and  the  Smart  M,,  Union  county. 

20.      CHALCX5CITE. 

This  is  aiso  a  copper  ore,  but  rarely  met  with  in  the  State.  The 
massive  variety  has  been  found  at  the  Ore  Knob  Mine,  in  Ashe  coun- 
ty;  also,  associated  with  bornite  at  Gap  Creek  Mine,  Ashe  county,  the 
Waryhut  and  Wolf  Creek  Mines,  in  Jackson  county,  the  Gillis  Mine, 
and  Mill  Creek  M.,  in  Person  county  ;  also,  at  the  Pioneer  Mills  Mine 
in  Cabarrus,  at  A.  NichoPs,  in  Swain,  and  in  Guilford  county,  as  a 
product  of  the  alteration  of  other  copper  ores,  and  rarely  with  silver 
ores  at  Silver  Hill. 

21.    TROILITE. 

Interlaminated  with  the  meteoric  iron  from  the  Black  Mountain, 
Buncombe  county. 


20  6HEOL0GY   OF   NORTH    CAROLINA, 


22.  PYRRHOTITE, 

Compact  pyrrhotite  is  found  at  the  bottom'  of  the  Asbury  shaft  in 
Gaston  county,  also  associated  with  cbalcopyrite  at  the  Elk  Knob 
Mine,  Ashe  county,  and  on  E.  Fork  and  W.  Fork  of  Pigeon  River,  Hay" 
wood  county,  and  in  Transylvania  county,  and  near  Hickory  in  Ca- 
tawba  county,  and  at  Thorn  Mtn,  M.,  Maco-n  county,  and  inSurry  and 
Wilkes,  (Trap  Hill.) 

23.     SCHKEIBERSITE.    (Rhabdite.) 

This  mineral,  of  meteoric  origin,  has  been  observed  in  minute  quad- 
ratic prisms  of  great  brilliancy  in  the  meteoric  iron  of  Smith's  Moun- 
tain, Rockingham  county,  and  in  less  distinct  particles  in  all  the  me- 
teoric irons. 

24.     PYRITE, 

Pyrite  is  one  of  the*  most  common  minerals  of  North  Caro-limi.  It 
is  not  only  found  in  globular  and  irregularly  shaped  crystalline 
masses  in  many  of  the  marl  beds  of  the  eastern  counties-,  but  many 
of  the  gneissoid  rocks  and  slates  and  the  traps  contain  it  in  consider- 
able quantities,  and  besides,  it  is  found  in  almost  every  mine  of  the 
State.  In  Cleaveland  and  Rutherford  it  is  a  common  constituent  of 
the  feldspathic,  slaty  gneisses,,  disseminated  in  minute  grains,  and  its 
ready  oxidation  rapidly  disintegrates  the  rocks,  so  that  during  thelate 
war,  copperas  was  extensively  and  cheaply  manufactured  here  by  simply 
breaking  and  heaping  the  half  decomposed  fragments  of  rock  in  hop- 
pers, leaching  and  crystallizing.  In  the  gold  mines  the  associated 
pyrite  is  generally  auriferous.  Cubical  crystals-  occur  at  Hickory,  Ca>- 
tawba  county,  Asbury  Mine,  Gaston  county,  Soapston-e  Quarry,  twelve 
miles  northeast  of  Statesville,  Silver  Hill,  Gold  Hill  and  many  other 
localities.  Combinations  of  cubes  and  octahedra  are  found  in  Clegg's 
Mine,  Chatham  county,  and  in -the  Guilford  county  gold  and  copper 
mines ;  the  pyritohedron,  often  in  combination  with  cubical  and  oc- 
trahedral  planes,  is  found  at  the  Stewart  Mine,  in  Union  county,  Cam- 
bridge Mine,  Guilford  county,  Long  Creek  Mine,  Gaston  county,  Rude- 
sill  Mine,  Mecklenburg  county,  etc.  Large  veins  of  compact  pyrite 
occur  in  Gaston  county. 


MINERALOGY.  21 


25.  CIIALCOPYRITE. 

This  Is  very  abundant,  and,  indeed,  is  the  only  reliable  copper  ore 
in  North  Carolina.  It  has  been  found  in  fine  crystals  at  the  Gardener 
Hill  Mine,  probably  also  at  other  copper  mines  of  Guilford  county. 
It  is  very  abundant  and  largely  rained  at  Ore  Knob,  Ashe  county, 
and  promised  to  be  the  ore  of  all  the  gold  mines,  which  in  depth 
change  into  copper  mines  in  Guilford,  Cabarrus  and  Mecklenburg 
counties,-  also  at  the  Clegg  Mine,  in  Chatham  county,  the  Conrad  Hill 
and  the  Emmonsand  other  mines  in  Davidson  county;  Peach  Bottom 
and  elsewhere,  Alleghany  county,  and  at  Gap  creek,  Ashe  count}'', 
Newlin's  Mine,  Alaraance  county,  in  Alexander,  in  the  gold  mines  of 
Union,  Rowan  and  Gaston  counties,  and  at  Macpelah  church,  in  Lin- 
coln county,  in  Granville  and  Chatham  counties,  near  Hillsboro  and 
near  Chapel  Hill,  Orange  county,  near  Raleigh,  in  Wake  county,  in 
Surry,  Wilkes  (Trap  Hill),  Yadkin.,  Watauga,  and  Swain  counties,  and 
some  of  the  mica  mines  of  Mitchell  county — the  copper  mines  of  Ma- 
-con  and  Jackson  counties ;  in  more  than  thirty  counties,  and  hundreds 
of  localities;  at  many  of  them  it  is  found  associated  with  other  ores. 

26.  BARNHARBTITE. 

A  peculiar  and  rich  copper  ore,  first  noticed  on  Daniel  Earnhardt's 
land,  arid  then  at  the  Pioneer  Mills  Mine,  in  Cabarrus  county.  It  also 
occurs  at  the  Cambridge  Mine,  in  Guilford  county,  and  at  the  Wilson 
Mine  and  the  McGian  Mine,  in  Mecklenburg  county,  and  at  ElkjKnob, 
Watauga  county.  The  true  barnhardtite  occurs  iu  compact  masses — 
having,  on  a  fresh  fracture,  a  very  pale  bronze  yellow  color,  but  rap- 
idly tarnishing  with  brownish  pinchbeck,  also  with  rosered  and  pur- 
plish colors.  That  from  Dan.  Earnhardt's  land  has  been  analyzed  by 
W.  J.  Taylor — that  from  Pioneer  Mills  by  me  and  P.  Keyser. 

Taylor.  Genth*  Keyser. 

Copper. 47.61  46.69  48.40 

Iron.. 22.23  22.41  21.08 

Sulphur 29.40  29.76  3050 

Silver trace.  

99.24  98.86  99.98 


22:  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

There  occurs  at  the  Pioneer  Mills,  associated  with  the  barnhardtite, 
another  copper  ore,  which  appears  to  be  uniform  in  composition  and 
does  not  look  like  a  mixture.  It  is  paler  than  copper  pyrites  and  con- 
tains, according  to  the  analyses  of  W.  J.  Taylor  and  Charles  Froebel, 

Taylor^  Froebel. 

Copper _ „ 40.2  40.5 

Iron 28.4  28.3 

Sulphur..... 32.9  31.1 

101.5  999 

27.     MARCASITE. 

According  to  the  information  received  from  Dr.  Asbury ,  of  Char- 
lotte, this  mineral  occurs  in  Iredell  county. 

28.    LEUOOPYRITE. 

It  has  been  observed  by  Dr.  Asbury,  at  the-  Asbury  Mine-,  in  Gaslon 
county,  in  nodular  masses  almost  completely  altered  into  scorodite  at 
Dr.  Halyburton's,  in  Iredeil  county,  and  Drum's  farm  on  White  Plains> 
Alexander  county, 

29.    ARSENOPYRITE  OR  MISPICKELV 

It  occurs  sparingly  in  North  Carolina,  and  has  been  observed  in 
minute  crystals,  associated  with  gold  ores,  at  the  Lemmond  and  Stew- 
art Mines,  Union  county,  and  at  the  Barringer  Mine,  and  George- 
Ludwick's  Mine,  in  Cabarrus  county.  It  has  been  found  by  General. 
Clingman,  in  Cleveland  county,  and  by  Dr.  Asbury,  at  Ore  Knob 
Mine,  in  Ashe  county,  the  Honeycutt  vein  at  Gold  Hill,  and  highly 
auriferous  at  the  Asbury  Mine,  in  Gasto-n  county.  It  also  occurs  near 
Cooke's  Gap,  Watauga  county,  in  fine  crystalline  particles,  dissemi- 
nated through  siliceous  rock. 

30.    NAGYAGITK 

This  exceedingly  rare  mineral,  which  heretofore  has  been  known 
only  from  Transylvania,  in  Hungary,  occurs  sparingly  in  minute 
crystals  and  foliated  particles  at  the  King's  Mountain  Mine,  where  it 
is  associated  with  altaite,  gold,  etc. 


MINERALOGY.  23 


31.      COVELLITE. 

Resulting  from  the  decomposition  of  chalcopyrite  and  associated 
with  it,  covellite  occurs  at  several  of  the  North  Carolina  copper  mines, 
for  instance  at  the  Phoenix  Mine,  &c.,  in  Cabarrus  county ;  in  fine 
scales  at  the  Gillis  Mine,  and  Mill  Creek  Mine,  in  Person  county. 

3.  Sulpharsenids,  Sulphantimonids,  etc. 
32.    PROUSTITE  (?) 

Microscopic  crystals  of  a  bright  aurora  red  color  occur  with  talc, 
rhodochrosite,  etc.,  at  the  McMakin  Mine.  As  they  are  rich  in  silver 
they  are  probably  proustite. 

33.     AIKTNITE  (?) 

A  mineral  containing  sulphur,  bismuth,  lead  and  copper,  and 
therefore  probably  aikinite,  has  been  observed  in  small  particles  in 
quartz  associated  with  chalcopyrite  at  Col.  White's  Mine,  Cabarrus 
county. 

34.    TETRAHEDRITE. 

Two  varieties  of  Tetrahedrite  are  found  in  North  Carolina,  the 
highly  argentiferous  (Freibergite,)  in  small  compact  patches  of  sub- 
conchoidal  fracture  and  a  dark,  grey  color,  associated  with  silver, 
sp-halerite,  galenite,  talc,  magnesite,  &c.  At  the  McMakin  Mine,  Cabar- 
rus county,  and  the  other  in  the'same  county  at  Geo.  Ludwick's  Mine, 
fourteen  miles  northeast  of  Concord,  rarely  cystallized  but  mostly 
massive  and  of  a  dark  lead  grey  to  iron  color.  It  is  associated  with 
chalcopyrite,  scorodite,  arseniosiderite,  &c.,  in  a  quartz  vein.  I  have 
analyzed  the  tetrahedite  from  the  McMakin  Mine,  which  contains 

Sulphur, 25.48 

Antimony, 17.76 

Arsenic, 11.55 

Copper 30.73 

Iron, 1.43 

Zinc, 2.53 

Silver, 10.53 

100.00 


24  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

There  is  probably  an  occasional  small  admixture  of  argentiferous 
tetrahedrite  with  the  minerals  associated  with  the  native  silver  of 
Silver  Hill,  as  they  sometimes  give  before  the  blowpipe  incrustations 
antimony. 

III.    COMPOUNDS  OF  CHLORINE,  ETC. 
35.    HALITE  OR  COMMON  SALT. 

Found  in  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  from  which  it  can  be 
obtained  by  evaporation,  and  in  wells  and  springs  at  several  points  in 
the  Triassic  beds,  e.  g.  in  Chatham,  Orange  and  Rockingham  counties. 

36.    CERARGYRITE. 

In  some  of  the  gold  ores  of  Scott's  Hill,  in  Burke  county,  silver  is 
found  after  roasting ;  a  specimen,  which  I  had  an  opportunity  to  ex- 
amine, makes  it  probable  that  it  is  present  as  chloride  of  silver  or 
cerargyrite. 

37.     FERROUS  CHLORIDE. 

It  has  been  observed  in  the  meteoric  irons  from  Asheville,  from 
Jewel  Hill,  Madison  county,  which  are  wet  from  the  deliquescence  of 
this  salt.  In  the  Rockingham  county  iron  it  has  been  found  in  the 
solid  state. 

IV.    FLUORINE  COMPOUNDS. 
38.     FLUORITE. 

According  to  General  Clingmau,  fluorite  occurs  at  Brown  Mountain, 
Burke  county,  also  in  Watauga,  and  with  barite  below  below  Marshal, 
Madison  county,  and  at  King's  Mountain,  Gaston  county.  In  pseud- 
omorphs  after  apatite  rarely  at  Ray's  Mine,  Yancey  county. 

39.     YTTROCERITE  (?) 
A  few  minute  deep  violet  blue  spots  were  observed  in  association 


MINERALOGY.  25 

with  pyrochlore,  black  tourmaline,  orthoclase,  quartz,  etc..  at  Ray's 
Mica  Mine,  Hurricane  Mountain,  Yancey  county,  which  are  probably 
yttrocerite. 

V.    OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 

1.     Oxides. 
40.     CUPRITE. 

Cuprite  or  the  red  oxide  of  copper  occurs  in  some  of  the  copper 
mines  near  the  surface.  It  is  rarely  found  in  small  cubical  crystals 
at  Cullen's  Mine  and  in  octahedra  upon  native  copper  at  the  Union 
Company  Copper  Mine,  in  Cabarrus  county.  It  has  been  observed  at 
Clegg's  Mine,  Chatham  county,  at  Silver  Hill,  at  the  Harris  Mine,  in 
Person  county,  in  Caldwell,  Lincoln,  Alleghany,  and  Ashe  counties, 
and  upon  the  gossan  of  the  "Wary hut  Mine,  Jackson  county.  At  the 
McGinn  Mine,  in  Mecklenburg  county,  and  several  of  the  Guilford 
county  copper  mines,  cuprite  in  aeicular  and  capillary  crystals  (so- 
called  chaleotriehite)  was  formerly  found  in  beautiful  specimens. 

41.     MELACONITE. 

It  is  found  occasionally  as  a  black  coating  or  a  powder  associated 
with  cuprite  at  the  McGinn  Mine,  and  with  zincblende,  etc.,  sparingly 
at  Silver  Hill;  also  at  Cullowhee  Mine,  Jackson  county. 

42.     CORUNDUM. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  minerals,  which  occurs  in  the  State  of 
North  Carolina,  in  a  great  many  varieties  is  corundum.  It  was  first 
noticed  when,  in  the  spring  of  1847,  a  large  mass  of  dark  blue,  cleav- 
able  variety,  was  found  three  miles  below  Marshall,  in  Madison  county. 
General  Clingman's  attention  having  been  called  to  it,  he  searched  for 
more  and  obtained,  in  1848,  a  second  piece  of  about  half  the  size.  It 
has  since  been  found  two  and  a- half  miles  north  of  Marshall,  at 
Haynie's,  associated  with  margarite  and  rutile.  It  was  afterwards 
found  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Hunter,  in  small  quantity,  reddish  and  bluish 
masses,  sometimes  crystallized  at  Crowder's  Mountain,  and  afterwards 
at  Clubb's  Mountain,  and  King's  Mountain,  Gaston  county.  About  ten 


26  GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

years  ago,  large  beds  of  corundum  were  discovered  by  Hiram  Crisp, 
near  Franklin,  in  Macon  county,  at  Culsagee  or  Corundum  Hill. 
Here  it  lies  of  a  thickness  from  ten  to  fourteen  feet,  imbedded  in  pro- 
chlorite  between  chrysolite  and  hornblendic  gneiss.  The  corundum 
itself  presents  many  varieties.  Beautiful  hexagonal  pyramids  with 
the  basal  andrhombohedral  planes  and  of  many  shades  of  color,  from 
almost  colorless  to  yellow  and  deep  red,  rarely  to  green,  have  been 
found.  Some  of  the  crystals  are  very  large,  one  for  instance  measured 
five  feet,  two  inches  in  length.  Mostly,  it  occurs  massive,  often  in 
large,  cleavage  masses,  often  of  variable  colors,  some  are  red  and  semi- 
transparent  and  in  small  fragments  even  transparent  and  form  a  fair 
ruby,  other  specimens  of  reddish  or  grey  corundum  have  disseminated 
through  the  mass  the  most  beautifully  colored  azure  blue  sapphire. 
Unfortunately,  the  particles  of  the  red  and  blue  are  too  small  to  have 
any  value  as  gems.  A  very  peculiar  variety  is  that  consisting  of 
white  and  blue  bands.  At  this  locality  corundum  is  associated  with 
prochlorite,  black  and  greenish,  black  spinel,  tourmaline,  small  quan- 
tities of  rutile,  &c.,  and  where  it  occurs  in  the  mica  schist,  with 
damourite  and  margarite. 

Other  localities  in  Macon  county,  where  corundum  is  mined,  are 
the  Jacob's  and  Haskett's  Mines,  oil  Ellijay  Creek,  and  at  Robinson's 
Mine  on  Sugartown  Fork.  It  is  also  found  at  Houston's  Mine,  and 
at  Moore's  &  Higdon's. 

At  the  Hogback  Mine,  in  Jackson  county,  corundum  associated  with 
damourite,  margarite  and  tourmaline  is  imbedded  in  chlorite.  At  the 
hanging  wall  feldspar  with  crystals  of  corundum  is  met  with.  A 
small  quantity  not  exceeding  a  few  ounces  of  corundum  has  been 
found  near  the  chrysolite  out-crop  at  Webster,  Jackson  county,  and 
also  on  Scott's  Creek.  At  Cullakenee  Mine,  in  Clay  county,  a  greyish 
white  corundum  is  found  associated  with  margarite,  zoisite,  actinolite, 
&c.,  and  a  red  variety,  sometimes  of  a  deep  ruby  color  associated  with1 
zoisite,  smaragdite,  cyanite  and  a  feldspar. 

At  Penland's  on  Shooting  creek,  in  Clay  county,  corundum  is  found 
associated  with  margarite  and  willcoxite.  It  is  also  occurs  in  Chero- 
kee on  Valley  river. 

In  Haywood  county,  two  miles  northeast  of  the  Pigeon  river,  where 
the  Asheville  road  crosses  it,  near  a  serpentine  out-crop  a  small 
quantity  of  corundum  has  been  found,  also  on  west  fork  of  Pigeon. 
About  two  miles  north  of  this,  the  Presley  Mine  is  located,  which  has 


MINERALOGY.  27 

furnished   the   most   beautiful   specimens   of  blue  and  greyish  blue 
corundum,  associated  with  damourite  and  albite. 

About  twenty  miles  northeast  of  this  mine,  in  Madison  county,  is 
the  Carter  Mine,  which  yields  a  white  and  pink  variety  of  corundum, 
both  in  crystals  and  laminated  masses.  It  is  associated  with  greenish 
black  spinel  and  prochlorite. 

Corundum  is  found  also  in  Mitchell  county,  near  Bakersville,  in 
chrysolite. 

In  the  broad-bladed  cyanite  of  Wilkes  county,  corundum  is  met 
with  in  small  reddish  brown  particles,  and  in  the  cyanite  of  the 
Swannanoa  Gap,  in  Buncombe  county,  blue,  bluish,  white  and  red- 
dish corundum.  Also  at  N.  P.  Watkins,  in  the  same  county. 

It  is  found  in  the  gravel  two  miles  west  of  Statesville,  in  Iredell 
county,  associated  with  cyanite,  but  rarely  imbedded  in  it.  Highly 
interesting  crystals  and  crystalline  masses  of  greyish  white  corundum 
more  or  less  altered  into  damourite  and  tourmaline  have  lately 
been  found  by  Mr.  J.  A  D.  Stephenson,  at  Belts'  Bridge,  and  beautiful 
hetagonal  prisms  of  a  pale  brownish  corundum,  with  a  partial  alter- 
ation into  soda  margarite.  at  Hend rick's  farm  near  Belts'  Bridge,  Ire- 
dell  county.  Crystals  of  corundum  surrounded  by  fibrolite  occur  at 
Shoup's  Ford,  in  Burke  county.  It  is  also  reported  from  Stokes 
county.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Morganton  corundum  is  found  in 
damourite  schist,  and  in  the  gravel  deposits  of  Burke,  McDowell  and 
Rutherford  counties  small  grains  and  crystals,  often  partially  altered 
into  damourite,  are  frequently  met  with.  The  granular  variety  of 
corundum,  "Emery,"  has  been  observed  at  Crowderrs  Mountain  and 
also  in  the  titaniferous  iron  ore  belt  near  Friendship,  Guilford  county. 
The  associated  minerals  of  corundum  are  mostly  the  result  of  the 
alteration  of  corundum,  which  latter  has  furnished  the  alumina  neces- 
sary for  their  formation. 

43.    HEMATITE. 

Red  oxide  of  iron  or  hematite  is  one  of  the  most  important  iron 
ores  of  North  Carolina.  The  compact  ore,  sometimes  more  or  less 
mixed  with  the  specular  variety,  forms  large  beds  in  Chatham  county, 
at  Evans'  and  Kelley's  ore  beds,  Ore  Hill,  Buckhorn,  etc.;  also  in 
Moore  county,  twelve  miles  east  of  Carthage,  and  in  Orange  county, 
at  Chapel  Hill,  six  miles  south  of  Hillsboro,  and  at  J.  Woods',  Knapp 
of  Reeds,  and  in  Macon  and  Swain,  Buncombe  and  many  other  counties. 


28  GEOLOGY    OF    NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Foliated  and  micaceous  hematite  occurs  at  Buckhorn,  Ore  Hill,  seven 
miles  west  of  Lockville,  in  Chatham  county,  Snow  Creek,  Stokes  county, 
four  miles  south  of  Salem,  in  Forsyth  county,  at  Mt.  Tirzah,  in  Per- 
son county,  near  Gudger's,  nine  miles  below  Marshall,  on  the  French 
Broad  river,  and  near  Franklinville,  Randolph  county,  and  elsewhere. 
A  very  fine  variety  of  slaty  hematite  with  crystals  of  magnetite  is 
found  at  Cooke's  Gap  Watauga  county,  and  both  here  and  at  Rich- 
lands,  iu  Caldwell  county,  and  near  Fisher's  Peak,  in  Surry  county, 
martite  occurs.  Other  localities  are:  Smith's  river,  two  miles  east  of 
Morehead's  factory  in  Rockingham  county ;  a  granular  variety  one 
mile  east  of  Gaston;  at  House's  mill,  Cabarrus  county;  at  Hickory, 
Catawba  county,  in  Lincoln,  Gaston  and  Mecklenburg  counties,  etc. 
The  ocherous  variety  has  been  observed  in  Buncombe  county,  four  or 
five  miles  west  of  Asheviile,  at  Valley  Town  and  on  Peachtree  creek, 
Cherokee  county,  and  in  a  great  many  gold  mines.  Heagonal  scales 
of  hematite  in  crystals  of  quartz  occur  at  King's  mill,  Iredell  county, 

44.     MENACCANITE. 

Many  of  the  titaniferous  iron  ores  are  mixtures  of  true  magnetite 
and  menaccanite,  others  belong  to  this  species  and  others  again  are 
really  magnetites,  in  which  a  portion  of  the  iron  is  replaced  by  ti- 
tanium. Our  present  knowledge  of  these  ores  is  too  limited  to  put 
all  the  varieties,  occurring  in  the  State,  with  certainty  at  the  place 
where  they  belong.  Those  from  the  following  localities,  appear  to 
belong  under  this  head:  Franklin,  in  Macon  county,  Big  Laurel, 
in  Madison  county,  on  Ivy,  Yancey  county,  Crab  Orchard,  Cane  Creek, 
Flat  Rock  and  Grassy  Creek  in  Mitchell  county,  Damascus,  Iredell 
county,  Old  Harris  Mine,  twelve  miles  southeast  of  Charlotte,  south 
end  of  Crowder's  Mountain  and  at  Wills',  Gaston  county,  Yadkin 
river,  near  Patterson,  in  Caldwell  county,  and  the  neighborhood  of 
Raleigh.  Menaccanite  in  quartz  occurs  at  Fisher  Hill,  Guilford  county. 
Iserite  is  frequent  in  the  gold  sands  of  Rutherford,  Burke  and  Mc- 
Dowell counties,  &c\  Menaccanite  also  occurs  at  Shoup's  Ford,  Burke 
county,  at  Huffman's,  Catawba  county,  at  Culsagee,  Macon  county,  at 
Haynie's,  Madison  county,  and  in  Person,  Watauga  and  Lincoln  coun- 
ties. I  have  recently  analyzed  a  variety  of  black,  somewhat  granular, 
menaccanite  from  near  Franklin,  Macon  county,  and  found  it  to  con- 
tain 


MINERALOGY.  29 

Titanic  Acid., 48. G  t 

Fcni  Oxide 9.76 

Perrons  Oxide ,. 40.23 

Magnesia...  1.38 


100.00- 

45.    SPINEL.  . 

The  only  spinel  which  has  been  found  in  North  Carolina,  is  th'afc 
which  results  from  the  alteration  of  corundum,  and  it  is  usually  a 
mixture,  in  variable  proportions,  of  the  varieties  plconaste  and  hercynitef 
sometimes  with  an  admixture  of  that  called  picotite.  In  the  chlorites 
of  the  Culsagee  Mine  it  is  found  in  octahedral  cyrstals  with  dodecahe- 
dral  planries,  but  usually  massive,  coarsely  to  finely  granular.  Its 
color  is  black  but  by  an  incipient  alteration  on  the  surface  generally 
of  a  peculiar  greenish  grey  color  and  satin-like  lustre.  Some  varieties 
are  blackish  green,  but  so  dark  that  the  green  can  only  be  observed 
in  thin  splinters ;  it  is  rarely  found  at  the  Cullakenee  Mine  in  Clay 
county,  but  frequently  met  with  at  the  Carter  Mine  in  Madison  county, 
where  it  is  mostly  of  a  very  dark  green  color.  Several  varieties  from 
Culsagee  Mine  have  been  analyzed.  1.  A  finegrained  variety  of  3.766 
spec.  gr.  by  G.  A.  Koenig;  2,  a  coarser  grained  variety  of  3.797  spec. 
gr.  by  the  same;  and  3,  the  coarse  grained  crystallized  dark  green,  of 
3.695  spec.  gr.  by  myself.  They  contained,  after  deducting  some  me- 
chanical admixtures,  as  follows : 

1.  Koenig.  2.  Koenig,  3,   Gentk. 

Alumina...... 54.32  5G.5S  66.63- 

Chrouiic  Oxide, 3.96  2,28  trace. 

Ferric  Oxide, ,.   11.51  9.63  1.80* 

Ferrous  Oxide, 11.16  14.60  11.35 

Magnesia, 19.05  16.88  19.86 

Cupric  Oxide, ,.  0.11 

Niccolous  Oxide, .,.  0.25 

100.00  100.00  100.00 

46.    GAHNITE. 

Gahnite,  or  Automolite  is  mentioned  by  General  Clingraan  as  occur- 
ring in  Cleveland  county;  also  in  Mitchell  county, 


30  GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


47.     MAGNETITE. 

This  is  the  most  abundant  and  most  valuable  iron  ore  in  North 
Carolina.  It  occurs  in  small  octahedral  crystals  in  the  granite  at 
Dunn's  Mountain,  in  Rowan,  and  in  the  granites  and  gneisses  and 
(especially)  the  syenites,  very  commonly,  in  many  counties,  and  in 
the  slates  at  Fisher's  Peak  and  Chestnut  Mountain,  in  Surry  county, 
also  at  Bull's  Head,  in  Alleghany  county,  in  quartzose  sand  rock  and 
hematite  at  Cooke's  Gap,  Watauga  county,  at  Capp's  Hill,  in  Mecklen- 
burg county,  and  Fisher  Hill,  in  Guilford.  It  occurs  in  its  granular 
variety,  mixed  with  muscovite,  manganiferous  garnet,  etc,  at  Buck- 
horn,  in  Chatham  county,  and  mixed  with  menaccanite  and  occasion- 
ally with  corundum,  in  a  succession  of  beds,  passing  through  the 
gneissic  rocks  of  Davidson,  Guilford,  Forsyth  and  Rockingham  coun- 
ties. There  appear  to  be  several  isolated  outcrops  northwest  of  this 
band  and  between  it  and  the  Dan  river,  and  also  in  Randolph  and 
Montgomery  counties.  A  band  of  granular  magnetite,  free  from 
titanic  acid,  mixed  with  actinolite,  tremolite  and  a  little  epidote, 
passes  from  near  Danbury  in  Stokes  county,  and  also  from  Surry 
county,  through  Yadkin,  Forsyth,  Davie,  Lincoln  and  Gaston  coun- 
ties. It  contains  some  of  the  most  valuable  ore  beds.  It  is  also  found 
in  large  beds  near  Newton,  in  Catawba  county;  at  Comb's  farm,  Sum- 
mer's farm,  and  Thomas  Payne's  farm,  in  Iredell  county;  also  in 
Orange,  Mecklenburg  and  Cabarrus  counties.  Some  very  valuable 
ore  beds  of  crystalline  magnetite  occur  in  Swain,  Madison,  Macon, 
Haywood,  Burke,  Alexander,  Wilkes,  Orange,  Mitchell  and  other 
counties,  the  most  extensive  probably  at  Cranberry.  A  granular  ore, 
similar  to  the  ores  of  Surry  county,  has  been  worked  at  the  north  fork 
of  New  river,  near  the  mouth  of  Helton  creek,  and  on  Horse  creek,  in 
Ashe  county.  There  are  many  other  localities  in  which  magnetite 
occurs,  but  they  are  of  less  importance  than  those  enumerated. 

48.    CHROMITE. 

Occurs  in  the  chrysolite  beds,  which  form  lenticular  masses  in  the 
hornblende  slates,  &c.,  in  minute  octahedral  crystals  and  granular 
masses  at  Culsagee  ;  also  at  Higdon's,  Ellijay's  creek,  and  at  Moore's 
Mine  in  Macon  county,  near  Webster,  and  Hogback,  and  at  Ainslie's, 
and  on  Scott's  creek,  in  Jackson  county,  on  Mining  creek,  near  Hamp- 


MINERALOGY.  31 

ton's,  in  Yancey  county,  at  Cullakenee,  in  Clay  county,  Carter's  Mine, 
in  Madison  county,  in  small  quantities  near  Bakersville,  Mitchell 
county,  and  on  South  Toe  river,  and  on  Rich  Mountain,  Watauga 
county,  and  lately  by  Hidden  in  the  gold  sands  of  Brindletown, 
Burke  county,  and  in  Ashe  county.  Where  it  is  found  in  abundance, 
it  may  become  a  valuable  ore,  when  it  can  be  brought  to  market  at  a 
low  freight.  A  small  admixture  of  chromite  is  found  in  the  titanife- 
rous  magnetite  belt  of  Guilford,  Rockingham  and  other  counties. 
Crystals  of  chromite  are  frequently  met  with  in  the  gold  sands  of 
Burke,  McDowell,  Rutherford,  &c. 

The  analysis  which  I  have  made  of  a  compact  variety  of  chromite 
from  near  Franklin,  Macon  county,  gave  : 

Spec.  Grav.,  4.319 

Chromic  oxide, 41.15 

Alumina, 22.41 

Ferric  oxide, 5.78 

Ferrous  oxide, 11.76 

Magnesia, 15.67 


99.77 

49     URANINITE. 

It  was  found  by  Prof.  Kerr,  at  the  Flat  Rock  Mine,  Mitchell  county, 
in  1877,  in  small  nodules  of  gummite  and  uranotil,  forming  the  nu- 
cleus of  these  minerals,  both  of  which  are  resulting  from  its  decom- 
position. It  has  since  been  found  at  one  or  two  other  mines  in 
Mitchell.  Color  iron  black,  graduating  into  brownish,  according  to 
the  extent  of  its  alteration.  It  has  not  been  analyzed. 

50.     RUTILE. 

In  beatiful  crystals  at  Crowder's  and  Clubb's  Mountains,  Gaston 
county ;  also  granular  at  the  same  localities,  rarely  in  small  grains  or 
crystals  with  the  corundum  of  the  Culsagee  Mine,  in  Macon  county, 
and  the  Hogback  Mine,  in  Jackson  county ;  in  acicular  crystals,  some- 
times over  one  inch  in  length,  near  Beattie's  Ford,  Mecklenburg 
county  ;  in  long  crystals  in  quartz  on  a  hill  near  Buckhorn  Falls,  in 
Chatham  county,  and  at  the  head  of  Cane  creek,  Mitchell  county ;  in 
beautiful  acicular  crystals  at  Mrs.  Daniel's  farm  near  Mt.  Pisgah,  at 


32  GEOLOGY   OF     NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Mrs.  Jordan's,  near  King's  mill,  at  Alex.  Lackley's,  Misses  Bennett's, 
Thomas  Adams',  and  Mrs.  Smith's  farm,  all  in  Iredell  count}'.  Acicu- 
lar  crystals  in  limonite  and  quartz  on  John  Lackey's  farm  near  Lib- 
erty church,  and  Wilson's  near  Poplar  Springs,  geniculated  crystals 
at  White  Plains,  also  fine  crystals  at  Milholland's  mill,  and  at  R. 
Johnston's,  all  in  Alexander  county.  Acicular  crystals  in  brownish 
amethyst,  at  the  head  of  Honey  creek,  AVilkes  county.  In  dark,  al- 
most black,  crystals  in  Clay  county.  In  quartz  in  Yancy  county.  In 
small  grains  and  crystals  in  the  gold  sands  of  Burke,  McDowell,  Ruth- 
erford and  Polk  counties.  Acicular  crystals  in  quartz  at  Dietz's,  Van 
Horn's,  and  Hildebrand's,  and  in  large  crystals  also  at  the  latter  poiut, 
Burke  county ;  in  large  crystals  at  E.  Balch's,  H.  Balch's,  widow 
Balch's,  Huffman's,  and  D.  Lutz's,  and  in  amethyst  at  the  last  two 
points — all  in  Catawba  county;  in  amethyst  in  Cabarrus  near  Con- 
cord ;  and  in  Randolph,  near  Pilot  mountain;  penetrating  corundum 
near  Bakersville,  Mitchell  county;  at  Ray's  M.,  and  elsewhere  in 
Yancey  county ;  in  reticulated  acicular  cyrstals  in  the  northwest  cor- 
ner of  Lincoln  county,  (Hunter). 

61.    ANATASE. 

Anatase  is  reported  as  occurring  in  the  gold  sands  of  Burke  county 
by  Prof.  Humphreys  and  Mr.  Hidden,  and  by  the  latter  also  in  Alex- 
ander (in  quartz),  McDowell  and  Rutherford. 

52.    BROOKITE. 

In  the  'gold  sands  of  Rutherford,  McDowell  and  Burke  counties 
there  seem  to  be  two  varieties  of  Brookite  (if  not  distinct  species),  the 
one  in  small  short  or  slender  rhombic  prisms,  the  other  in  monoclinic 
crystals  of  an  almost  black  color,  which,  however,  in  their  fragments, 
are  transparent  and  between  blue  and  colorless. 

53.    PYROLUSITE. 

It  is  found  near  Murphy,  Cherokee  county,  also  two  miles  north  of 
Hickory,  Catawba  county,  and  with  silver  ores  at  the  McMakin  Mine, 
Cabarrus  county,  also  in  fine  crystalline  masses  at  Beck's  ore  bank, 
three  miles  from  Ellison's  ore  bank,  Gaston  county,  also  near  Dan- 


MINERALOGY.  33 

bury,  Stokes  county,  near  Webster,  Jackson  county,  in  Surry  county, 
near  Dobson,  and  in  Alexander,  Swain  and  Mitchell.  No  large  de- 
posits have  yet  been  discovered  in  North  Carolina.  , 

54.   [BRAUNITE. 

Found  in  quartz  near  Hillsboro,  Orange  county.     K. 
55.     HAUSMANNITE. 

Recently  reported  from  near  Dobson,  Surry  countytby  H.  C.  Lewis; 
and  it  also  occurs  in  Chatham,  K. 

56.    DISAPORE. 

General  Clingman  observed  this  rare  mineral  associated  with  blue 
corundum  from  near  Marshall,  Madison  county.  I  have  not  been 
able  to  distinguish  it  with  certainty  from  any  other  of  the  corundum 
localities,  but  it  was  observed  in  very  minute  but  beautiful  acicular 
crystals  of  the  usual  form  in  a  cavity  of  massive  corundum  from  Cul- 
sagee,  by  John  C.  Trautwine,  of  Philadelphia. 

57    &   58.      GOETIHTE    AND    LlMONITE. 

I  put  these  two  species  of  hydrated  sesquioxide  of  iron  together,  as 
without  fuller  examination  it  is  impossible  to  distinguish  the  majority 
of  the  specimens.  Large  beds  of  hydrated  sesquioxide  of  iron  are 
found  at  Ore  Hill  and  elsewhere  in  Chatham  county,  and  in  Johnston, 
5  miles  W.  and  N.  W.  of  Smithfield,  near  the  High  Shoals,  in  Gaston 
county,  in  Lincoln  and  Catawba  counties,  and  near  Murphy  and  along 
Vallejr  River  and  Notteley,  in  Cherokee,  and  in  Mitchell,  Buucombe, 
Watauga,  McDowell,  Burke,  Caldwell,  Alexander,  Wilkes,  Surry,  Hay- 
wood,  Macon,  Henderson,  Transylvania,  Davidson  and  Wake,  and 
other  counties  :  and  superficial  beds  of  it  are  also  frequently  found  in 
the  eastern  counties — Nash,  New  Hanover,  Fender,  Jones,  Duplin,  &c. 
Brown  hematites  accompany  in  small  quantities  many  of  the  mag- 
netite and  hematite  beds,  and  form  the  upper  part  of  many  of  the 
gold  and  copper  mines  ;  they  are  often  the  result  of  the  alteration  of 
siderite  and  pyrite,  and  show  frequently  the  form  of  the  original 
mineral,  for  instance,  at  Conrad  Hill,  in  Davidson  county,  Cabarrus 
3 


34  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

county,  Guilford  county,  Gaston  county,  and  at  Beam's  farm,  near 
Center  Point,  Iredell  county. 

59.     GUMMITE. 

Discovered  by  Prof.  Kerr  in  1877,  at  Flat  Rock,  Mitchell  county. 
Often  found  in  indistinct  cubical  crystals  with  octahedral  planes,  usu- 
ally in  amorphous  compact  nodular  masses  of  a  faint  resinous  lustre 
and  of  shades  between  reddish  yellow  and  deep  orange  red.  Fracture 
uneven  to  subconchoidal.  Spec.  gr.  4.840.  The  mean  of  three  analy- 
ses which  I  have  made  gives  it  composition  as  follows  : 

Silicic  Acid, 4.63 

Alumina, 0.53 

Baryta, 0.98 

Strontia, 0.05 

Lime, 2.05 

Plumbic  Oxide, 5.57 

Uranie  Oxide, 75.20 

Phosphoric  Acid,.. 0.12 

Water, 10.54 

99.77 

This  analyses  shows  that  the  so-called  gummite  is  not  a  distict  min- 
eral species  but  a  mechanical  mixture,  the  North  Carolina  variety 
being : 

Uranie  hydrate,... ,...., 40.10  per  cent. 

Uranotil, 33.38     "       " 

Lead-Uranate,' 22.66    "      " 

Barium-Uranate, 4.26    *'      " 

100.40 

Results  from  the  alteration  of  Uraninite.  Found  also  at  the  Deakeand 
Lewis  mines,  Mitchell  county.  A  similar  mineral  is  found  in  small 
quantity  at  Buchanan  mine,  Mitchell  county. 

60.      PSILOMELANE. 

It  is  often  an  associate  of  gold  and  iron  ores  In  coatings  of  the  quartz 
at  Scott's  Hill,  Burke  county,  together  with  pyrolusite  at  Beck's  ore 


MINERALOGY.  35 

bank,  on  the  High  Shoals,  Gaston  county,  and  inbotryoidal  masses  in 
a  vein,  said  to  be  four  feet  wide,  near  Lenoir,  in  Caldwell  county,  near 
Bakersville,  and  at  Gillespies  Gap  in  Mitchell  county,  on  Cove  Creek, 
and  Richland  Creek,  Haywood  county,  and  at  Buckhorn  in  Chatham. 
In  Gaston  county  at  the  Long  Creek  mine,  on  Cross  Mountain,  Or- 
mond  ore  bank,  etc.,  a  variety  occurs,  which  contains  a  small  quantity 
of  cobalt  and  nickel.  Also  found  in  McDowell  and  Lincoln  counties. 

61.    WAD. 

There  is  often  an  imperceptible  change  from  pyrolusite  into  psilo- 
melane  and  wad,  that,  without  analysis,  it  is  often  difficult  to  know  to 
which  a  specimen  may  belong.  The  earthy  varieties  are  generally 
called  wad.  A  brownish,  black  earthy  wad  occurs  near  Murphy, 
Cherokee  county,  also  near  Franklin,  in  Macon  county,  and  Webster, 
in  Jackson  county,  and  at  Gillespie  Gap,  Mitchell,  and  in  Burke,  Ca- 
tawba,  Surry  arid  Mecklenburg. 

62.    SENARMONTITE  on  VALENTINTITE. 

The  incrustation  of  the  native  antimony  of  Burke  county,  which 
does  not  show  any  crystalline  planes,  belongs  to  either  one  or  the  other 
of  these  species. 

63.     BISMITE. 

An  earthy  greenish  yellow  and  straw  yellow  mineral  has  been  ob- 
served at  the  King's  Mountain  mine,  and  the  Asbury  vein  in  Gaston 
county.  It  is  probably  Bismite. 

• 

64:.      MOLYBOITE. 

Found  associated  with  molybdenite  as  a  yellow  earthy  powder,  near 
Pioneer  Mills,  Cabarrus  county. 

65.    QUARTZ. 

As  a  constituent  of  most  of  the  rocks  of  North  Carolina,  and  the 
gangue-rock  of  almost  every  vein,  it  occurs  nearly  everywhere  through- 
out the  State.  Several  of  its  varieties,  however,  are  of  more  than 


36  GEOLOGY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

usual  interest.     Rock  crystal  is  found  in  numerous  most  beautifully 
modified  forms  on  the  farms  of  Mrs.  Lackey  and  others  near  Mahoffey's 
Mill,  Alexander  county.     Good  doubly  terminated  crystals  occur  at 
Sugar  Mountain,  Burke  county ;  rock  crystals  are  also  found  in  Ruth- 
erford county,  near  Morganton,  Burke  county,  near  Hickory,  Cald- 
well  county,  Catawba   county,  Iredell   county,   Mountain   Mine,  in 
Cleaveland  county,  at  Hampton's,  on  Mining  Creek,  Yancey  county, 
Stokesburg,  in  Stokes  county,  Macon  county,  Swain  county,  Rich 
Mountain,  head  of  Cove  Creek,  in  Watauga  county,  Mitchell,  and  Tran- 
sylvania, in  Wilkes,  Guilford,  Lincoln,  Gaston,  Burke,  Anson,  Gran- 
ville,  Wake,  Moore,  Warren,  and  other  counties.     Quartz  crystals,  in- 
closing liquid,  (hydrolite,  Humphreys,)    in  beautiful  specimens,   are 
found  on  Isaac  Rice's  farm,  White  Plains,  Alexander  county,  also 
found  by  Prof.  Humphreys,  in  pockets  and  drift  veins  in  Catawba 
county,  and  in  the  South  Mountains,' Burke  county,  one  with  a  bubble 
which  moves  nearly  2  inches,  and  a  group  of  13  crystals  having  50 
bubbles.     He  also  found  crystals  with  basal  plane  in  Burke,  Catawba, 
and  Alexander  counties.     Mutilated  quartz  crystals  of  great  beauty  are 
met  writh  at  several  localities  in  Randolph,  Catawba,  Burke,  Iredell 
and  Alexander  counties,  (enumerated  under  Rutile.)     Quartz  crystals 
with  scaly  crystals  of  hematite   occur  at  King's  Mill,  Iredell  county. 
Quartz  between  laminae  of  muscovite,  occurs  at  the  Deake  Mine,  on  Toe 
River,  Mitchell  county.     Radiated  quartz  is  found  at  Dillahay's  Gold 
Mine,  in  Person  county  and  in  Wake  county;  Amethyst,  in  very  fine 
crystals  and  clusters  of  crystals,  and  of  a  good  violet  or  pink  color,  but 
mostly  of  a  dark,  smoky  color,  is  found  at  Randleman's,  Lincoln  coun- 
ty, also  at  the  lead  mine,  Alexander  county,  at  Hickory,  Catawba 
county,  in  Rutherford,  Chatham  and  Wake  counties ;  Amethyst  of  a 
deep  purple  color  with  rutile,  occurs  in  Catawba  county,  and  a  smoky 
amethyst  with  rutile,  at  the  head  of  Honey  Creek,  Wilkes  county. 
Rose  quartz  is  found  at  Highlands,  Macon,   near  Franklinville,  Ran- 
dolph, (with  acicular  rutile,)  White  Plains,  Alexander  county,  and 
near   Concord,  Cabarrus    county,  likewise    penetrated    with    rutile. 
Smoky  quartz  is  found  three  miles  from  Taylorsville,  Alexander  county, 
on  Gavin's  and  also  on  Pritchard's  and  Patterson's  farms ;  it  also 
occurs  in  large  crystals  on  Brush  Cr.,  Mitchell  county,  and  in  the 
drift  of  Brindletown,  Burke  county,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Beaver  Dam 
Creek,  Cherokee  county;  Milky  quartz  is  found  at  Roseman's  farm, 
Alexander  county,  at  the  forks  of  the  Laurel,  Madison  county,  and  at 
War  Hill,  Surry  county ;  Opalescent  quartz  at  Dan  River,  Stokes  coun- 


MINERALOGY.  37 

ty;  Quartz  pseudomorphous  after  calcite,  both  crystalized  and  fibrous,  is 
found  2  to  3  miles  N.  W.  of  Rutherfordton,  Rutherford  county,  the 
irregularly  shaped  fragments  frequently  contain  water;  similar  pseu- 
domorphs  occur  at  Crawford's  farm,  5  miles  E.  of  Statesville,  in  Ire- 
dell  county,  a  peculiar  variety  of  pseudomorphous  quartz,  after  feld- 
spar perhaps,  occurs  at  Shooting  Creek,  Clay  county ;  Chalcedony  is 
found  near  Franklin,  Macon  county,  near  Webster,  Jackson  county,  at 
Hampton's  Mining  Creek,  Yancey  county,  at  Martin's  limestone  quar- 
ries, in  Stokes  county,  on  Alamance  Cr.,  Alamance  county,  and  in 
Lincoln,  Iredell  and  Chatham  counties.  Hornstone  occurs  at  Martin's 
Quarry,  Stokes  county,  near  Asheville,  Buncombe  county,  in  Madison 
county  and  Iredell  county,  and  in  Montgomery,  Randolph  and  else- 
where. Drusy  quartz  is  frequently  found  on  the  decomposed  outcrops 
of  the  chrysolite  beds  in  Macon,  Jackson,  Ciay,  Buncombe,  and  Madi- 
son counties,  itacolumite  or  flexible  sandstone  forms  a  stratum  in  the 
quartzite  at  Linville,  Burke  county,  Sauratown  Mountains,  in  Stokes 
county,  and  Bending  Rock  Mountain,  in  Wilkes  county.  Fossil  Wood 
is  abundant  in  the  Triassic  beds  in  Anson  county,  and  near  German- 
ton,  in  Stokes  county,  near  Cheek's  Creek,  in  Montgomery  county,  and 
in  Johnston  county,  and  in  the  quaternary  gravels  of  Halifax,  Moore, 
Cumberland,  Wayne  and  other  counties.  Agate  is  found  in  many 
places,  at  D.  Caldwell's,  Mecklenburg  county,  near  Harrisburg,  and 
near  Concord,  Cabarrus  county,  in  Granville,  Orange  and  elsewhere. 
Jasper  occurs,  banded  (red  and  black)  in  Person  county,  in  Granville, 
(Knapp  of  Reeds  Cr.,)  in  Madison  county,  (near  Warm  Springs,  and  on 
Shut  In  Cr.,)  in  Moore  county,  in  Wake  and  elsewhere. 

65.     OPAL. 

The  only  variety  of  opal  which  has  come  to  my  notice  from  North 
Carolina  is  "hyalite"  in  bluish  white  mamillary  coatings  upon  the 
quartz  of  gold  veins  in  Cabarrus  county,  at  the  Culsigee  Mine,  Macon 
county.  It  is  rarely  found  in  beautiful,  colorless  and  white  botryoidal 
incrustations  upon  foliated  chlorite. 


38  GEOLOGY   OF   NOKTH   CAROLINA. 

2.    Ternary  Oxygen  Compounds. 
1.  Silicates.     A.  Anhydrous  Silicates. 

67.  ENSTATITE. 

Forms  beds  at  the  corundum  mine  of  Culsagee  in  Macon  county,  in 
coarsely  crystalline  masses  of  a  brownish  gray  yellowish  color;  in 
coarsely  granular  masses  with  chrysolite,  at  Webster,  Jackson  county, 
also  in  small  crystalline  particles,  disseminated  through  chrysolite,  at 
Hampton's,  Mining  Creek,  Yancey  county,  and  two  and  a  half  miles 
south  of  Bakersville,  in  Mitchell  county.  Bronzite  found  at  Bald 
Creek,  Yancey  county,  and  near  Kernersville,  Forsyth  county.  I  had 
this  mineral  from  the  Culsagee  mine  analyzed  in  the  Laboratory  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  by  Frank  Julian,  who  found 

Water, 1.21 

Silicic  acid, 5730 

Alumina, trace. 

Ferrous  oxide, 7.45 

Magnesia, ... 34.64 

100.60 

68.  PYROXENE. 

Black  and  brownish  black,  cleaveable  masses,  with  magnetite,  at 
Cranberry,  Mitchell  county,  and  of  pale  greenish  color,  with  magnetite, 
on  Ivy  river,  Madison  county,  and  on  Horse  creek,  Ashe  county,  and 
in  "traps"  at  Greensboro,  Guilford  county  ;  green  coccolite,  in  calcite, 
two  or  three  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Bear  Creek,  and  in  marble,  at 
Walnut  creek,  one  mile  from  French  Broad  river,  Madison  county, 
and  at  Goshen,  Macon  county.  Dark  brownish  black  and  black  py- 
roxene is  one  of  the  constant  constituents  of  the  numerous  "trap"  rocks 
found  in  North  Carolina. 

69.    SPODUMENE. 

The  mineral  found  at  J.  W.  Warren's,  Alexander  county,  and  here- 
tofore regarded  as  diopside,  has  been  lately  ascertained  by  Dr.  J.  L. 
Smith  to  be  a  new  variety  of  Spodumene.  He  says  :  "  It  is  one  of  the 


MINERALOGY.  39 

most  beautiful  varieties  of  spodumene  I  have  ever  seen,  and  I  think  its 
beautiful  color  (emerald  green)  entitles  it  to  a  new  name."  His  anal- 
ysis is  as  follows : 

Spec.  Gr.  3.14. 

Silica, 64.5 

Alumina, 27.0 

Ox.  Iron, 1.9 

Lithia, 7.5 

(The  above  facts  have  just  been  furnished  by  Hidden.)     K. 

70.     AMPHIBOLE. 

Amphibole  is  represented  in  North  Carolina  by  numerous  varieties. 
We  find  white  and  gray  tremolite,  associated  with  talc,  at  Marble  creek 
and  Murphy,  Cherokee  county,  also  on  the  Tennessee  creek,  Jackson 
county,  in  talc  and  chrysolite,  at  Webster,  Jackson  county,  the  White- 
side  Mountains,  Sugartown,  eight  and  a  half  miles  from  Franklin,  at 
the  Culsagee  mine,  Macon  county,  two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Ba- 
kersville,  in  Mitchell  county,  and  at  Hampton's,  Mining  creek,  Yan- 
cey  county,  on  Toe  river,  at  the  Carter  mine,  Madison  county,  gap  of 
Black  Mountain,  and  the  southeast  slope  of  the  Three-Top  Mountain, 
in  Ashe  county;  grey  and  brownish  grammatite  occurs  near  the  Ten- 
nessee creek ;  anthophyllite  occurs  at  Culsagee  mine  and  at  Gregory 
Hill  in  Macon  county ;  adinoliie  has  been  observed  in  talc  near  Belt's 
Bridge,  Iredell  county,  at  Shooting  creek,  Clay  county,  Swannanoa 
river  near  Asheville,  and  with  chrysolite  at  Webster,  Jackson  county, 
Hampton's,  Mining  creek,  in  Ypncey  county,  two  and  a  half  miles 
south  of  Bakersville,  Mitchell  county,  in  talcose  rocks,  near  Tennessee 
creek,  on  the  east  fork  of  Tuckasege  one  and  a  half  miles  from  its 
mouth,  Mecklenburg  county,  Rich  Mountain,  Watauga  county,  Frank- 
lin, in  Macon  county,  at  Bolejack's  limestone  quarry  in  Stokes  county, 
at  Rogers'  ore  bank  near  Danbury,  in  Stokes  county,  near  Morganton, 
Burke  county,  and  Ellison's,  in  Gaston  county.  Asbestos  has  been  found 
at  Webster,  and  at  the  head  of  Culiowhee  creek,  Jackson  county,  on 
Sugartown  creek,  near  Franklin,  at  the  Nantehaleh  river  in  Macon 
county,  the  Brushy  Mountains,  at  Baker  mine,  and  on  John's  river 
and  on  King's  creek,  Caldwell  county,  and  on  Smith's  river,  Rocking- 
hain  county,  and  in  Franklin  and  Wilkes  counties,  at  Hampton's, 
Mining  creek,  in  Yancey  county,  at  Buchanan's,  and  Cane  creek  near 


40  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Bakersville,  in  Mitchell  county,  also  in  quartz  crystals  at  J.  W.  War 
ren's  farm,  White  Plains,  Alexander  county.  Black  and  greenish  black 
hornblende  is  abundant  throughout  the  State  in  the  hornblende  slates., 
hornblende  rocks,  syenite  and  diorite.  It  has  been  found  in  rather 
large  cleavage  pieces,  twenty-three  miles  below  Franklin,  on  the 
Swannanoa  river  near  Asheville,  at  the  Cullowhee  and  Savannah 
mines  in  Jackson  county,  at  Jarrettrs  on  the  Nantehaleh  in  Cherokee 
county,  at  Polecat  creek  and  near  Greensboro,  in  Guilford  county. 

71.    SMARAGDITE  (?)  KOKSCHAROWITE. 

A  beautiful  mineral,  which  may  be  a  variety  of  hornblende,  occurs 
at  the  Cullakenee  mine,  Clay  county.  It  has  a  bright  color  between 
emerald  and  grass  green,  gradually  passing  into  grayish  green  and 
greenish  gray.  Sp.  gr.  of  the  grass-green  variety,  3.120.  It  is  asso- 
ciated with  pink  and  ruby  corundum  and  a  feldspathic  mineral.  The 
analysis  of  the  pure  material  gave  Thos.  M.  Chatard  : 

Silicic  acid, 45.14 

Alumina,5 17.59 

Chromic  oxide, 0.79 

Ferrous  oxide, 3.45 

Niecolous  oxide, 0.21 

Magnesia, .'. 16.69 

Limer 12.51 

Soda, 2.25 

Potash, 0.36 

Ignition  (water), 1.54 

100.33 
72.     ARFVEDSONITE. 

A  black-brownish  or  greenish-black  hornblende,  like  mineral,  is 
found  associated  with  the  andesite,  zoisite  and  corundum  of  the  Cullo- 
whee mine,  and  Shooting  creek,  Clay  county,  and  rarely  at  Culsagee, 
Macon  county.  It  is  easily  fusible  and  gives  a  strong  yellow  flame, 
and  is  therefore  probably  arfvedsonite.  An  analysis  of  a  black  va- 
riety by  J.  L.  Smith  places  it  rather  under  the  aluminous  hornblende, 
He  found 

Silicic  acid, 45.90 

Alumina,  13.34 

Ferric  oxide, 11.46 


MINERALOGY.  4L 

/ 

Lime, , 12.20 

Magnesia, , 12.53 

Soda, 3.39 

Water, 0.66 

99.48 

73.     CKOCIDOLITE  (?) 

I  have  received  from  Col.  Joseph  Willcox,  which  is  said  to  coine 
from  one  of  the  Western  counties  of  North  Carolina.  The  physical 
properties  and  the  chemical  tests,  which  I  have  made  indicate  that  it 
is  crocidolite.  It  consists  of  long  delicate  fibres  of  a  blue  color,  is 
insoluble  in  acids  and  fuses  easily  to  a  black  glass,  coloring  the  flame 
yellow. 

74.    BERYL. 

Found  in  six-sided  prisms,  sometimes  doubly  terminated,  from 
about  half  an  inch  to^  four  inches  in  thickness,  and  from  one  to  six 
inches  in  length,  color  yellowish  and  bluish  green,  small  pieces  of  the 
latter  color,  sometimes  transparent  enough  to  be  cut  for  gems  (aqua- 
marine), associated  with  orthoclase,  muscovite,  tourmaline,  etc.,  at 
Ray's  Mine,  on  Hurricane  Mountain,  Yancey  count}'.  Yellowish 
green  crystals  have  been  found  at  Buchanan  Mica  Mine,  and  else- 
where in  Mitchell  county.  Clear  green  crystals  occur  at  Balsam  Gap 
M.,  Buncombe  county.  Found  also  at  the  Carter  M.,  Madison  county, 
Thorn  Mountain  M.,  Macon,  Casher's  Valley,  Jackson,  on  Green  River, 
Henderson  county,  at  E.  Balch's,  Catawba,  Fort  Defiance,  Caldwell,  at 
Well's,  Gaston  county.  Some  very  large  crystals  were  found  (one  2 
feet  long  and  7  inches  in  diameter,)  4  miles  S.  of  Bakersville,  and  at 
Grassy  Creek  M.  of  still  larger  size.  Green  crystals  appear  at  Point 
Fizzle  M.,  and  elsewhere  in  this  county,  and  on  Green  River,  Hender- 
son county.  The  most  beautiful  varieties,  similar  to  occurrences  in 
Siberia,  are  found  at  G.  W.  Warren's  farm,  near  Salem  church,  at 
White  Plains,  Alexander  county.  The  deep  green  crystals  resemble  eme- 
rald; also  in  pale  green  or  bluish  green  modified  hexagonal  prisms  and 
pale  bluish  crystals.  Beryl  in  yellowish  green  hexagonal  prisms  is 
also  found  at  John  Lackey's  farm,  near  Liberty  church,  and  Isaac 
Price's  farm,  White  Plains,  Alexander  county.  It  also  occurs  in  yel- 
lowish green  crystals  in  Catawba  county  ;  one  bluish  green  crystal, 


42  GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

implanted  in  quartz,  has  been  found  at  Capt.  Mills'  Gold  Mine,  in 
Burke  county,  and  another  of  an  inch  diameter  and  4  inches  length, 
with  a  tourmaline  crystal  of  the  same  length,  imbedded  in  it.  In 
greenish  yellow  and  deep  green  crystals,  similar  to  Siberian,  in  the 
South  Mountains,  9  miles  S.  E.  of  Morganton  Burke  county,  and  in 
the  Sugar  Mountains,  also  at  Shoup's  Ford,  at  Dietz's,  Huffman's  and 
Hildebrand's.  In  smaller  crystals  it  is  found  in  Jackson  county. 

72.     CHRYSOLITE. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  minerals  of  North  Carolina 
where  it  forms  large  beds  between  the  hornblende  and  granitic  rocks. 
It  is  generally  of  a  yellowish  green  color,  but  also  greenish  white,  grey 
and  brownish  green,  mostly  finely  granular,  rarely  foliated,  occasion- 
ally in  larger  grains  disseminated  through  the  fine  grained  mass. 
Associated  with  chromite,  enstatite,  actinolite,  tremolite,  asbestos,  talc, 
chromite,  and  corundum,  atCulsagee  Mine, near  Franklin,  Macon  coun- 
ty, in  Hay  wood  county,  near  Webster,  and  Hogback,  in  Jackson  coun- 
ty, at  Bald  Creek  and  at  Hampton's,  Jack's  Creek,  and  South  Toe 
river,  seven  miles  from  Burnsville,  Yancey  county,  two  and  a  half 
miles  south  of  Bakersville,  in  Mitchell  county,  Shooting  Creek,  and 
Cullakenee  Mine,  Clay  county,  and  at  Rich  Mountain,  Watauga 
county,  and  at  the  Carter  Mine  in  Madison  county,  on  Ivy,  Buncombe 
county,  near  the  forks  of  New  River,  Ashe  county,  on  Little  River, 
Alleghany  county,  and  4  miles  S.  of  Morganton,  Burke  county.  It  is 
also  found  with  bronzite,  in  hornblende  rock,  in  Guilford  county, 
and  near  Raleigh,  Wake  county.  I  have  analyzed  two  specimens  from 
Jackson  county,  one,  (1)  which  was  finely  granular  and  of  a  pale  green- 
ish color,  and  a  spec,  grav.,  3.280,  the  other  (2)  of  a  yellowish  olive 
green  color  and  3.252  spec,  gravity,  and  Thos.  M.  Chatard  one 
from  the  Culsagee  Mine,  (3). 

123 

Loss  by  ignition, 0.82  0.76  1.72 

Chromite, 0.58  1.83 

Silicic  Acid, 41.89  40.74  41.58 

Alumina, trace.  trace.  0.14 

Ferrous  Oxide, 7.39  7.26  7.49 

Niccolous, 0.35  0.39  0.34 

Magnesia, 49.13  49.18  49.28 

Lime, 0.06  0.02  0.11 

100.22         100.18         100.66 


MINERALOGY.  43 

The  Chrysolite  is  subject  to  extensive  alterations,  forming  serpen- 
tine and  talc  with  their  usual  associates. 

76.    GARNET. 

Widely  distributed  through  the  State,  and  a  constant  constituent  of 
many  of  the  mica  and  hornblende  slates,  in  which  it  occurs  in  minute 
dodecahedral  and  trapezohedral  crystals  of  a  brownish  or  brownish  red 
color;  it  also  occurs  in  many  of  the  talcose  and  chloritic  slates;  larger 
trapezohedral  crystals  of  a  brownish  red  color  are  frequently  met  with 
in  the  mica  mines  of  Mitchell  and  Yancey  counties;  imperfect  dode- 
cahedral crystals  at  Weaver's,  Jeanstown,  Rutherford  county,  and  in 
talcose  slate,  in  Rockingham,  Cherokee,  Madison,  Surry,  and  many 
other  counties.  The  most  beautiful  and  perfect  crystals  are  large  trap- 
ezohedra,  of  a  brownish  red  color,  from  Burke,  Caldwell  and  Catawba 
counties.  A  very  excellent  locality  is  about  8  miles  S.  E.  of  Morgan- 
ton,  in  Burke  count}',  where  very  bright  red  crystals  are  found,  some 
weighing  nearly  10  pounds.  Another  good  location  is  4  miles  from 
Marshall,  where  large  crystals  are  found  embedded  in  chlorite  slate. 
Some  of  these  garnets  are  nearly  transparent,  and  when  cut,  show  a 
peculiar  play  of  colors. 

In  Alexander  county,  on  Marshall's  farm,  garnets  are  found  which 
are  two  feet  in  diameter.  Large  crystals  and  crystalline  masses  of  a 
reddish  brown  garnet,  are  found  near  Franklin,  Macon  county,  and 
on  Toe  River,  Mitchell  county.  Pyrope,  of  good  color  has  been  ob- 
served in  the  sands  from  gold  washings  in  Burke,  McDowell  and  War- 
ren counties.  The  massive  manganese  garnet  or  spessartite,  is  abundant 
at  Jeanstown,  Rutherford  county,  at  Buckhorn,  Chatham  county,  near 
Moore's  Mills,  Stokes  county,  near  Gold  Hill,  in  Cabarrus  county,  near 
Brevard's  Forge,  one  and  a  half  miles  from  the  Vesuvius  Furnace,  and 
near  Macpelah  Church,  Lincoln  county,  near  the  High  Shoals,  and  at 
Clubb's  Mountain,  and  Crowder's  Mountain,  Gaston  count}',  and  near 
Madison,  Rockingham  county,  near  Salem,  Forsyth  county,  on  Horse 
Cr.,  Ashe  county,  Linville  Mts.,  and  Bridgewater,  Burke  county,  in 
Guilford  county,  at  Thorn  Mt.  M.,  Macon  county,  near  Marion,  Mc- 
Dowell county,  at  Buchanan  M.,  Mitchell  county,  on  Pacolet  R.,  Polk 
county, at  Weaver's,  Rutherford  county,  and  near  Dobson,Surry  county. 

Dr.  G.  A.  Koenig  has  analyzed  a  variety  of  manganese  garnet  or 
spessartite  from  Yancey  county  (1),  and  I  that  from  near  Salem,  For- 
sythe  county  (2),  which  contain 


44  GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Spec.  Grav.  4.14.  1.  2. 

Silicic  acid, 35.80  36.74 

Alumina, 19.06  16.55 

Ferric  oxide, 6.25        not  determined. 

Manganous  oxide, 28.64  2580 

Ferrous  oxide, 4.49  14.26 

Magnesia, 0.60  2.56 

Lime, 4.09 


99.81  100.00 

77.     ZIRCON. 

Abundant  with  the  gold  sands  of  Burke,  McDowell,  Polk,  Ruther- 
ford, Caldwell,  Mecklenburg,  Nash,  Warren,  and  other  counties,  in 
very  minute  yellowish  brown  and  brownish  white,  sometimes  amethys- 
tine, pink  and  blue  crystals  with  many  planes;  large  greyish  brown 
crystals  of  zircons  are  found  so  abundant  on  the  south  side  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  near  Green  river,  Henderson  count}'-,  that  General  Clingman 
easily  obtained,  in  a  few  weeks,  in  1869,  one  thousand  pounds  of  crys- 
tals. They  are  found  here  embedded  in  felspathic  gneiss,  and  also  in 
a  similar  association  near  Coleman's  Station.  Found  also  by  Dr. 
Hunter  at  Well's  farm,  Gaston  county.  It  is  rarely  found  at  Ray's 
mine,  Hurricane  Mountain,  Yancey  county,  and  the  Flat  Rock  mine, 
Mitchell  count}7.  It  has  been  observed  in  dark  red*  brown  crystals  in 
the  magnetite  beds  of  the  Unaka  Mountains ;  an  irregular  large  crys- 
tal of  about  two  inches  in  length  and  a  pale  brownish  grey  color  has 
been  found  by  J.  A.  D.  Stephenson  nearStatesville,  Iredell  county,  and 
by  the  same,  small  crystals  embedded  in  allanite,  near  Bethany  church. 

78.    VESUVIANITE. 

A  mineral,  resembling  vesuvianite,  occurs  in  brownish  green  indis- 
tinct crystaline  masses,  intermixed  with  quartz,  and  associated  with 
reddish  brown  garnet,  in  Macon  county. 

79.    EPIDOTE. 

Epidote  is  found  abundantly  in  North  Carolina,  although  fine  crys- 
tals are  exceedingly  rare.  The  finest  specimen,  which  I  have  seen,  is 
a  crystal,  in  the  cabinet  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  from  the 
gold  washings  of  Rutherford  county ;  it  is  strongly  pleochroic,  like 


MINERALOGY.  45 

the  so  called  "  Puschkinite,"  from  the  auriferous  sands  of  Katharinen- 
burg,  in  the  Ural  Mountains.  Fine  crystals  have  been  lately  obtained 
by  Hidden,  at  Hampton's,  Yancey  county.  Yellowish  and  brownish 
green  crystalline  masses,  sometimes  with  indistinct  crystals,  have 
been  found  near  White's  mill,  Gaston  county,  and  near  Franklin,  in 
Macon  county.  At  the  latter  place  occurs  also  a  variety  in  short, 
stout  crystals  of  a  dark  brown  or  greenish  brown  color,  (analysis  be- 
low). In  Mitchell  county  it  is  found  in  dark  browish  green  crystals 
and  radiating  masses.  Crystals  and  crystalline  masses  in  quartz  at 
White  Plains,  Alexander  county.  Fragments  of  epidote  in  greenish 
crystals,  also  a  granular  variety  are  frequently  met  with  in  the  gold 
sands  of  Burke,  McDowell  and  Rutherford  counties. 

Epidote  of  olive  green  or  greyish  and  browish  green  color  occurs 
massive  as  a  frequent  admixture  of  hornblende  slate,  (notably  in 
Mitchell  county,)  or  diorite,  sometimes  forming  pure  masses  of  epido- 
site,  as  at  the  foot  of  Grandfather  Mountain,  head  of  Watauga  river, 
Watauga  county.  It  occurs  also  abundantly  and  conspicuously,  as 
bright  green  amygdules  in  the  chloritic  amygdaloidal  gneisses 
on  Watauga  river.  It  constitutes,  with  a  reddish  feldspar,  the  so- 
called  unakyte  rock,  which  may  be  seen  at  Marshall,  Madison  county, 
and  down  the  French  Broad  in  occasional  seams,  and  thin  beds  for 
several  miles.  It  has  also  been  found  in  many  of  the  magnetic  iron 
ore  beds,  as  at  Cranberry,  Mitchell  county,  at  Smith's  ore  bed  on  Ivy, 
Madison  county,  in  the  beds  on  Horse  creek,  Ashe  county,  at  Buck- 
horn,  Chatham  county,  &c. 

I  have  analyzed  the  brown  epidote  from  Macon  county,  and  found 
the  Spec.  Grav.  3.269,  and  its  composition  : 

Silicic  acid 36.95 

Alumina, 25.82 

Ferric  oxide, 9.97 

Ferrous  oxide, 1.34 

Manganous  oxide, 0.56 

Magnesia 0.56 

Lime, *..  21.86 

Ignition  (water), 3.02. 


100.08 

80.    ALLANITE. 
Allanite  is  found  in  jet  black  or  browish   black  slender  crystals, 


46  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

sometimes  of  six  and  twelve  inches  in  length,  and  crystalline  masses 
in  a  granite  vein  at  Balsam  Gap,  Buncombe  county,  and  under  simi- 
lar circumstances  at  the  Buchanan  mine,  Mitchell  county.  I  have 
analyzed  that  from  the  Balsam  Gap.  Spec.  Grav.  3.400.  It  contains 

Silicic  acid, , 32.79 

Alumina, 18.16 

Ferric  oxide,  1.64 

Ferrous  oxide. ,  ,  10.08 

Manganous  oxide, 1.23 

Cerous  oxide, 6.07 

Dtclymous  and  Lanthanous  oxides, 14.40 

Yttria, 1.84 

Magnesia, 0.15 

Lime, 10.95 

Soda, 0.33 

Potash, 0.12 

Ignition  (water), ' 1.89 


99.75 

At  both  localities  the  allanite  undergoes  an  alteration  and  changes 
into  a  pale  brownish  or  brownish  yellow  mineral  which  has  not  been 
further  examined.  A  mineral  of  an  orange  color  from  the  Buchanan 
mine,  resembling  gummite  may  be  the  so-called  yttro-gummite ;  the 
quantity  at  hand  was  too  small  and  impure  for  analysis,  but  it  con- 
tains uranic  oxide  and  some  of  the  rare  earth  of  the  cerium  or  yttrium 
groups.  This  mineral  has  been  recently  found  in  massive  form,  like 
the  Amherst  county  (Va.,)  mineral,  by  J.  A.  D.  Stevenson,  near  Bethany 
church,  Iredell  county,  with  small  crystals  of  zirkon  embedded. 

81.     ZOISITE. 

The  beautiful  variety  of  zoisite,  "thulite,"  has  been  found  in  slen- 
der rose-red  crystals  in  the  feldspars  at  the  Flat  Rock  mine,  Mitchell 
county.  At  the  Cullakenee  mine  it  is  found  as  one  of  the  products  of 
the  alteration  of  corundum.  Some  of  the  pink  as  well  as  the  bluish 
grey  corundum  are  changed  iuto  compact  and  cleavable  columnar 
masses  of  zoisite  of  a  greyish,  greenish  and  brownish  white  color.  G. 
A.  Koenig  has  analyzed  the  slightly  greenish  white  cleavable  variety, 
(1),  which  has  resulted  from  the  alteration  of  pink  corundum.  I  have 
made  an  analysis  of  the  white,  slightly  greyish  zoisite,  (2),  containing 
still  nuclei  of  unaltered  bluish  grey  corundum  : 


MINERALOGY.  47 

1.  2. 

Sp.  Gr., 3.286  3.224 

SiMcic  acid, 40.70  39.86 

Alumina, 33  86  33.84 

Ferric  oxide, 0.81  1.62 

Manganous  oxide, trace.  trace. 

Magnesia 0.22  0.18 

Lime, 24.05  23.82 

Soda,  (trace  of  litliia), not  det'd  0.22 

Potash, "      "  0.09 

Loss  by  ignition, 0.63  0.78 

100.27  100.41 

About  half  a  mile  southwest  of  Silver  Hill,  about  thirty  years  ago, 
a  greyish  white  foilated  and  columnar  mineral  was  found,  when 
searching  for  the  continuation  of  the  vein,  which  had  the  appearance 
of  zoisite.  No  further  examination  was  made,  and  there  is  now  proba- 
bly no  specimen  preserved.  Dr.  Hunter  reports'  it  from  Alleghany 
county. 

82.     PHLOGOPITE. 

Small  brownish  scales  of  it  have  been  found  in  the  granular  lime- 
stone of  Bolejack's  quarry,  near  Germanton,  and  at  Martin's  quarry  on 
Snow  creek,  Stokes  county,  on  Walnut  creek,  one  mile  from  the  French 
Broad  river,  in  Madison  county,  on  Valley  river,  in  Cherokee  county, 
and  at  Judge  Pearson's,  near  the  Yadkin  river,  Yadkin  county.  It  is 
found  also  near  Coleman's  Station,  in  Henderson  county. 

83.    BIOTITE. 

Biotite  is  a  constituent  of  many  of  the  granites,  gneisses  and  mica- 
schists  of  North  Carolina.  It  is  found  only  in  small  black  or  brown- 
ish black  plates  or  scales.  The  localities  are  too  numerous  for  men- 
tioning any  particular  one.  It  occurs  in  large  plates  and  in  very  reg- 
ular crystals  in  the  mica  mines  of  Mitchell,  Haywood,  Yancey  and 
especially  Macon,  notably  at  Lytle  &  Thorn  Mountain  mines. 

84.    MUSCOVITE. 
The  mica  of  the  gneiss  and  micaschist  is  mostly  muscovite,  hence 


48  GEOLOGY    OP   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

it  is  one  of  the  commonest  minerals  of  North  Carolina.  In  a  few 
localities  it  is  found  in  beautiful  crystals,  for  instance,  with  magnetite, 
at  Buckhorn,  in  Chatham  county,  with  quartz,  at  Hickory,  Catawba 
county,  and  with  pyrite,  in  Stokes  county.  Since  the  year  1868,  it 
has  been  mined  in  many  places  and  has  been  obtained  in  large  plates, 
at  times  over  three  feet  in  diameter,  generally  of  a  brownish  color, 
in  masses  or  large  crystals,  associated  with  grey,  smoky,  or  yellowish 
brown  quartz,  orthoclase,  albite,  etc.,  in  numerous  localities  in  Macon, 
Jackson,  Haywood,  Buncombe,  Ashe,  McDowell,  Mitchell,  Yancey, 
Alexander,  Cleveland  and  other  counties.  A  pink  colored  muscovite 
in  fine  scales,  much  resembling  lepidolite,  for  which  it  was  mistaken, 
occurs  with  mica  at  Ray's,  in  Yancey  county,  and  at  the  Flat  Rock 
Mine,  in  Mitchell  county. 

85.     LABRADORITE. 

A  white,  and  in  some  portions  colorless,  very  lustrous  cleavable  va- 
riety with  very  few  triclinic  striae,  occurs  at  the  Cullakenee  mine,  in 
Clay  county.  It  has  a  spec.  grav.  of  2.62.  I  had  it  analyzed  in  the 
Labratory  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Jarden, 
who  found 

Silicic  acid,    55.61 

Alumina, 26.90 

Lime, 9.60 

Soda, 6.97 

Potash, 0.55 

Ignition  (water), 0.35 


99.98 

It  has  been  found  in  gray  granular  cleavable  masses,  but  only  at  a 
few  localities. 

Near  the  road,  six  miles  north  of  Burnsville,  in  Yancey  county,  it 
is  associated  with  mica,  garnet,  etc.,  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  a 
stratified  rock  ;  it  occurs  in  a  trap  near  the  Tuckasegee  ford,  half  a 
mile  from  the  Catawba  river,  on  the  road  to  Charlotte,  in  Mecklen- 
burg county,  also  at  Shiloh  church  in  Granville  county,  in  large  crys- 
tals in  the  heavy  trap  on  Toe  River  below  Bakersville,  Mitchell  coun- 
ty. The  latter  locality  furnishes  specimens  which  show  slightly  the 
play  of  blueish  colors.  It  is  one  of  the 'constituents  of  the  crypto-crys- 
talline  trap-rock  found  throughout  the  State. 


MINERALOGY.  49 


86.     ANDESITE. 

In  snow  white  and  bluish  white  cleavable  masses,  showing  fine 
striae  upon  the  cleavage  planes,  associated  with  black  hornblende  or 
arfvedsonite  at  the  Cullakenee  mine,  Clay  county;  and  from  the  same 
locality  as  very  fine  grained  white  feldspar  associated  with  zoisiteand 
margarite,  and  like  the  latter,  resulting  from  the  alteration  of  corun- 
dum. Both  have  been  analyzed — the  first  by  G.  A.  Koenig  (1),  the 
latter  by  Th.  M.  Chatard  (2) : 

l  2 

Spec.  Grav., 2,611  2.610 

Silicic  acid 57.29  58.41 

Alumina, 26.52  25.93 

Ferric  oxide, 0.21  0.38 

Magnesia, 0.15  0,18 

Lime, 7.80  5.82 

Soda, 6.75  6.45 

Potash, 0.33  2.10 

Loss  by  ignition, 1.43  0.93 


100.48  100.20 

There  are  similar  white  feldspars  at  the  Hogback  mine  in  Jackson 
county,  Culsagee  mine  in  Macon  county,  and  the  Carter  mine  in  Mad- 
ison county,  which  may  belong  here.  No  others  have  been  analyzed. 

87.    OLIGOCLASE. 

A  fine  grained  greyish  white  feldspar,  through  which  minute  par- 
ticles of  black  tourmaline  are  disseminated,  occurs  in  considerable 
quantities  at  Culsagee,  Macon  county.  It  has  been  analyzed  by  J.  L. 
Smith  (1),  and  also  in  the  Laboratory  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania by  Frank  Julian  (2),  who  found  : 

l  2 

Silicic  acid, 64.12  72.60 

Alumina, 24.20  13.04 

Ferric  oxide, 0.14  1.76 

Magnesia, 0.39 

Lime, , * 2.80  2.54 

4 


50  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Soda, 9.28  6.23 

Potash, .. 2.39 

Loss  by  ignition  (water), 0.34 


100.54  99.29 

The  material  for  the  second   analysis  had  evidently  a  considerable 
admixture  of  quartz. 

88.     ALBITE. 

It  is  found  in  large  cleavable  masses  of  a  white  color,  at  Point  Fiz- 
zle, Mitchell  county,  showing  upon  the  cleavage  planes  more  or  less 
distinct  striation.  I  had  it  analyzed  in  the  Laboratory  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  by  Frank  Julian  (1),  (see  below).  Spec,  grav., 
2.638.  There  are  probably  many  of  the  white  and  greyish  or  brown- 
ish white  striated  feldspars  from  mica  mines,  such  as  from  the  Gibbs 
mine,  South  Toe  river,  Yancey  county,  the  Flat  Rock  mine  and  the 
Buchanan  mine  in  Mitchell  county,  Ainslie's  in  Jackson  county,  and 
Thorn  Mountain  mine  in  Macon,  and  many  others,  which  belong  to 
this  species  or  to  oligoclase,  which  can  only  be  distinguished  by  anal- 
ysis. An  interesting  occurrence  is  that  at  the  Presly  mine,  Haywood 
•county,  where  it,  together  with  damourite,  results  from  the  alteration 
of  corundum.  Small  white  granular  cleavable,  also  compact  masses 
have  been  found  at  the  Steele  mine,  Montgomery  county,  associated 
with  prochlorite,  gold,  pyrite,  sphalerite,  &c. 

Some  of  the  granitic  rocks  3  miles  west  of  Leasburg,  Caswell  county, 
contain  small  grains  of  a  triciliuic  feldspar,  which  may  be  albite. 

The  compact  greyish  white  variety  from  the  Steele  mine  has  been 
analyzed  by  Geo.  J.  Popplein  (2) : 

1  2 

Silicic  acid, 67.51  G0.29 

Alumina, 20.46  19.66 

Ferric  oxide, trace.  4.63 

Manganous  oxide, trace. 

Magnesia, 0.34  0.23 

Lime, 3.08  1.83 

Soda, 9.15  9  90 

Potash, trace.  1.71 

Loss  by  ignition, 1.20 

10t.54  99.45 


MINERALOGY.  51 


89.    ORTHOCLASE. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  minerals  in  the  State, 
forming  an  essential  constituent  of  all  the  granite,  gneiss,  etc.  It  is 
found  in  beautiful  crystals  in  a  band  of  porphyritic  granite,  near  Salis- 
bury, Rowan  county,  the  High  Shoals,  and  White's  Mill,  in  Gaston 
county,  and  on  Hitchcock's  creek,  and  elsewhere  in  Richmond  coun- 
ty, also  in  the  "  Chesterlite  "  form  at  Silver  Hill,  associated  with  py- 
romorphite  and  quartz.  Cleavable  masses  of  orthoclase  are  found  at 
Houp's  farm  near  Statesville,  and  near  Belt's  Bridge,  Iredell  county. 
A  peculiar  variety,  with  satin  lustre  upon  the  cleavage  planes,  occurs 
in  Clay  county,  near  Cullakenee.  Large  lamellar  masses  of  a  white, 
greyish  or  reddish  color,  occur  at  Ray's  mine,  Yancey  county,  at  Flat 
Rock,  Blalock's,  and  near  Bakersville,  in  Mitchell  county,  also  in  Cald- 
well  county,  at  Hampton's,  Mining  Creek,  near  Burnsville,  Yancey 
county,  on  Sugartown  Turnpike,  ten  miles  from  Franklin,  and  at  the 
Whiteside  mountain,  in  Macon  county,  and  on  French  Broad  river,  in 
Madison  county,  and  in  the  Mica  mines  everywhere.  The  Burnet 
Mica  mine,  Buncombe  county,  furnished  the  Museum  with  a  crystal 
weighing  800  pounds.  The  peculiar  compact  variety  of  orthoclase 
which  is  spotted  with  hydrated  sesquioxide  of  manganese,  the  so-called 
"  leopardite,"  is  found  near  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  county,  and  also 
in  Gaston  county.  It  is  a  variety  of  porphyry  with  crystals  of  quartz 
disseminated.  I  have  made  an  analysis  of  the  feldspathic  constituent, 
which  has  a  yellowish  white  color  and  a  cryptocrystalline  structure 
(1).  Miss  Mary  T.  Lewis  has  analyzed  in  the  Laboratory  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  the  orthoclase  from  Houp's  farm,  Iredell 
county  (2). 

1  2 

Silicic  acid 75  92  64.56 

Aliuniiui, 14.47  \  on  an 

Ferric  oxide, 0.88  / 

Magnesia >  0.09  

Limo, 0.02  0.86 

Soda 4.98  trace. 

Potash, 4.01  14.85 

100.01  100.37 


GEOLOGY    OF   SOUTH    CAROLINA, 


90.  TOURMALINE, 

The  tourmalines,  found  in  many  localities  in  North  Carolina,  are  most- 
ly the  black  varieties.  A  small,  well  terminated  transparent  green  crys- 
tal was  found  by  Col.  Mills  on  Silver  Creek,  Burke  county,  also  a  black 
crystal  4  inches  long  embedded  in  a  green  beryl  crystal.  Crystals  of 
from  1  to  2  inches  in  size,  have  been  found  near  Mountain  mine,  Cleve- 
land county,  on  Upper  Little  river,  Caldwell  countyr  at  Hanging  Dog 
creek,  in  Cherokee,  and  in  Rutherford,  Mecklenburg,  Yancey,  Mitchell, 
Macou,  Haywood,  Transylvania,  Polk,  Buncombe,  Caldwell,  Stokes, 
Johnston,  Wake,  Granville,  and  other  counties.  In  beautiful  well 
terminated  crystals  of  2  to  3  inches  in  length  it  is  found  in  the  South 
mountains  16  miles  S.  E.  of  Morganton,  in  Burke  county,  also  near 
King's  mill,  Iredell  county, and  at  Warren's7  near  Salem  church,  John 
Lackey's  and  Isaac  Price's,  on  the  White  Plains,  Alexander  county. 
In  slender  black  crystals,  often  radiating,  and  of  needle-like  shape, 
frequently  [flattened  between  the  plates  of  muscovite,  it  is  found  at 
Ray's  mine,  near  Burnsville,  where  also  a  greenish  and  yellowish 
green,  fibrous  and  finely  columnar  variety  occurs.  It  is  frequently 
and  in  large  masses  associated  with  the  corundum  of  Culsagee  mine, 
in  Ma'con  county.  At  the  Cullakenee  mine,  Clay  county,  it  is  found 
in  small  quantity,  also  at  the  'Hogback  mine,  Jackson  county,  and 
with  the  corundum  and  damourite  at  Belt's  Bridge,  in  Iredell  county. 
A  large  outcrop  of  fibrous  and  granular  tourmaline,  with  quartz,  is 
found  about  two  hundred  yards  northeast  of  the  Ellison  mine,  on  the 
High  Shoals  property,  in  Gaston  county,  and  a  peculiar  finely  striated 
variety,  with  quartz,  at  Clubb's  Mountain  ;  similar  finely  fibrous  wood- 
like  masses  occur  at  Leasburg,  Caswell  county,  and  in  Wake.  It  has 
also  been  observed  in  the  gold  sands  from  Burke  county.  Tourma- 
line rock  and  slate  has  been  noticed  at  Kernersville,  Guilford  county, 
at  Bee  Rock,  head  of  Turkey  creek,  in  McDowell  county,  and  at  Jeans- 
town,  Rutherford  county,  and  six  miles  south  of  Asheville,  on  the 
Hendersonville  road,  and  in  Cleveland  county. 

91.  FlBROLITE. 

A  reddish  white  finely  fibrous  mineral,  with  silky  lustre,  from  Ma- 
con  county,  probably  belongs  to  this  species. 
A  very  interesting  occurrence  of  fibrolite  has  lately  been  discovered 


MINERALOGY.  53 

near  Shoup's  ford,  in  Burke  count}^  where  it  is  the  result  of  the  alter*- 
ation  of  corundum  and  envelopes  a  core  of  the  original  mineral.  The 
fibrolite  may,  in  part,  have  been  changed  into  damourite,  as  it  occurs 
in  the  mica  schist  (damourite  schist)  of  the  neighborhood  in  small  needle- 
shaped  crystals.  A  mineral  resembling  fibrolite  is  found  in  quartz  in 
the  gold  gravel  of  Burke  and  McDowell  counties. 

92.     CYANITE. 

This  is  one  of  the  characteristic  accessories  in  many  of  the  mica  and 
hornblende  schists  of  Macon,  Haj'wood,  Transylvania,  Yancey,  Mitch- 
ell, Caldwell,  Catawba,  Gaston  and  other  counties,  and  is  generally  of 
a  greyish  white  or  grey  color,  and  in  imperfect  crystals.  Fine  crystals 
occur  at  Clubb's  and  Crowder's  mountains,  Gaston  county;  coarsely 
bladed  masses  of  a  blue  and  greenish  color  at  Swannoa  Gap,  Buncombe 
county,  also  near  Ray's  Mica  mine,  on  Hurricane  mountain,  and  else- 
where in  Yancey  county,  Mitchell,  Cherokee,  and  Wilkes  counties,  six 
miles  east  of  Danbury,  in  Stokes  county,  near  Davidson  College,  in  Meck- 
lenburg county.  In  blue  and  white  bladed  crystals  in  quartz  at 
Hoover's  farm,  6  miles  S.  W.  of  Statesville,  also  in  gravel,  near  States- 
ville,  Iredell  county.  A  greyish  white,  radiating  cyanite  is  found  at 
Ararat  river,  four  miles  southeast  of  Mount  Airy,  in  Surry  county,  and 
a  white  cyanite  at  the  foot  of  Barnett's  mountain,  in  Person  county. 
Cyanite  also  occurs  on  Valley  River,  in  Cherokee,  at  Tiptou's,  in  Clay 
county,  in -quartz  at  the  head  of  Jonathan's  Cr.,  in  Hay  wood  county, 
on  Bear  Cr.,  in  Madison  county,  at'the  Buchanan  mine,  Mitchell  county, 
in  the  N.  W.  corner  of  Wake  county,  and  in  Moore  and  elsewhere. 

The  white  cyanite,  associated  with  the  lazulite  of  Clubb's  mountain 
tias  been  analyzed  by  Smith  and  Brush,  who  found 

Siliele  aeid,_ 37.G0 

Alumina, , 60.40 

Ferric  oxide, 1.60 

[99.60  . 

S3.      TOPAZ. 

Topaz  is  reported  as  occurring  at  Crowder's  mountain,  but  it  is  very 
doubtful ;  crystals  from  there,  which  were  considered  topaz,  are  cya- 
nite. The  variety,  pycnite,  occurs  in  finely  columnar  aggregations  of 


54  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

a  yellowish  and  brownish  yellow  color,  associated  with  garnets,  near 
White's  Mill,  Gaston  county. 

94.    EUCLASE. 

General  Clingman  mentions  a  very  handsome  crystal  of  this  rare 
mineral  from  the  gold  mine' of  the  late  Morril  Mills,  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Polk  county. 

95.     TITANITE. 

General  Clingman  mentions  titanite,  or  sphene,  as  occurring  in  Bun- 
combe county.  I  have  observed  it  at  Morganton  Springs,  Burke  coun. 
ty,  in  minute  brown  crystals,  in  hornblende  slate  and  in  granite  at_ 
White's  Mills,  in  Gaston  county,  and  at  Rogers'  Ore  Bank,  near  Dan 
bury,  in  Stokes  county,, and  on  Hurricane  mountain,  Yancey  county. 
To  this  species  probably  belong  two  of  Prof.  Shepard's  very  doubtful 
species,  the  Xanihitane,  from  Greene  river,  in  Henderson  county,  and 
the  Pyromelane,  from  the  gold  washings  of  McDowell  county.  Hidden 
reports  it  also  in  Alexander  county. 

96.     STAUROLITE. 

Very  large,  brownish  red  crystals,  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches 
in  length,  and  one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  wide,  single  individuals  as 
well  as  twins,  occur  at  the  Parker  mine,  in  Cherokee  county.  There 
are  many  other  localities  in  Cherokee  and  Macon  counties,  where  it 
occurs  abundantly  in  argillaceous  and  talcose  slates,  as  on  Persimmon 
Cr.,  and  Hanging  Dog  Cr.,  on  Bear  Cr.,  Madison  county,  and  Tusquit- 
tah  Cr.,  in  Clay  county.  It  is  found  in  very  small  quantity  with  co- 
rundum and  chlorite  in  small  reddish  brown  grains  of  vitreous  lustre, 
but  without  distinct  form,  at  the  Culsagee  mine,  Macon  county.  They 
have  a  Spec.  Gr.  of  3.711.  An  analysis  which  I  have  made  gave 

Silicic  acid, - 27.91 

Alumina, - 52  92 

Ferric  oxide, -  6.87 

Ferrous  oxide, 7.80 

Magnesia, 3.28 

Lime  and  Manganous  oxide traces. 

Ignition  (water,) 3.59 

100.37 


MINERALOGY.  55 

B.     Hydrous  Silicates. 
97.    CHRYSOCOLLA. 

Inferior  specimens,  generally  much  mixed  with  other  copper  ores, 
have  been  observed  at  many  of  the  copper  mines  ;  for  instance,  at  the 
Gardner  Hill  and  Cambridge  mines  in  Guilford  county,  the  Pioneer 
Mills  in  Cabarrus  county,  the  Gillis  mine  and  at  Mill  creek  in  Person 
county,  Northington's  dam  in  Harnett  county,  Wolf  Creek  mine  in 
Jackson  county,  at  Welch's  in  Moore  county,  at  Grupy  mine  and  else- 
where in  Rowan  county,  near  Elkin  in  Surry  county,  the  Hopewell 
in  Mecklenburg  county,  at  the  Clegg  mine  and  at  Snipes'  iron  mine  in 
Chatham  county,  Gap  Creek  mine  in  Ashe  county,  and  in  many  other 
places. 

98.     CALAMINE. 

The  only  specimen  of  calamine,  which  I  have  observed,  came  from 
Silver  Hill,  Davidson  county,  where  it  occurs  sparingly  as  an  incrus- 
tation of  fibrous  and  radiating  structure  upon  argentiferous  galenite. 

99.    TALC. 

Resulting  from  the  alteration  of  chrysolite,  foliated  ^talc,  of  a  white 
or  greenish  white  color,  is  found  in  many  of  the  chrysolite  beds,  west 
of  the  Blue  Ridge;  at  Shooting  Creek,  Clay  county,  Culsagee,  Macon 
county,  Webster,  Jackson  county,  Hampton's,  Mining  Creek,  and  at 
Young's,  on  South  Toe  river,  Yancey  county,  near  Bakersville,  Mitch- 
ell county,  and  other  localities  ;  in  sheets  of  three-quarters  to  one  inch 
in  thickness  and  of  a  somewhat  columnar  structure,  near  Pilot  moun- 
tain, and  near  Dobson,  Surry  count}*- ;  fibrous  talc  with  silky  lustre, 
and  of  a  white  or  green  color,  also  compact  crystalline  white  talc,  with 
a  splintery  structure  on  Valley  river,  Cherokee  county,  and  also  in 
Macon  county.  Talc  slate  and  coarse  soapstone  is  found  in  many  lo- 
calities throughout  the  State ;  it  has  been  noted  in  some  thirty  coun- 
ties ;  for  instance,  near  Belt's  Bridge,  Iredell  county,  in  the  South 
mountains  of  Burke  county,  in  Caldwell,  in  Haywood  county  near 
Waynesville,  in  the  north  of  Wake  county,  &c,  I  have  analyzed  a 
specimen  from  Webster,  Jackson  county,  and  found  it  to  contain  : 


56  GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Water, , 0.34 

Silicic  acid, ,  64.44 

Alumina, „ 0.48 

Ferrous  oxide, 1.39 

Niccolous  oxide, 0.23 

Magnesia, 33.19 


100.07 

100.    PYROPHYLLITE. 

In  white,  yellowish,  greenish  and  brownish  white,  stellate  aggrega- 
tions, fibrous  and  radiated  masses  at  Cotton  Stone  Mountain,  Mont- 
gomery county,  Pilot  Knob,  Randolph  county,  Davidson  College, 
Mecklenburg  county,  Hillsboro,  Orange  county,  Crowder's  and  Clubb's 
mountains  in  Gaston  county,  and  on  Linville  mountain,  McDowell 
county.  The  slaty  variety  forms  large  beds  of  yellowish  white  or 
greenish  color  in  Chatham,  Moore  aud  Orange  counties. 

A  schistose  imperfectly  lamellar  variety  from  the  Deep  river  has 
been  analyzed  by  Sam'l  T.  Tyson  (1),  and  a  similar  one,  of  a  some- 
what whiter  color,  from  Carbonton,  by  0.  D.  Allen  (2) : 

1  2 

Spec.  Grav., 2.92  282 

Silicic  acid, 65  93  66.25 

Alumina, \  OQ  K,  2791 


\ 
Ferrous  oxide,....  I"  1.08 


9q 


Water,  .........................  ......................     5.40  5.25 


100.87  100.49 

101.    STILPNOMELANE(?) 

A  mineral,  similar  to  stilpnomelane,  has  been  found  in  compact 
greenish  black  masses  at  the  Cosby  Mine,  Cabarrus  county. 

102.     GLAUCONITE. 

The  green  grains  forming  one  of  the  constituents  of  many  of  the 
so-called  marl  beds  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  are  glauconite. 
Occurs  in  most  of  the  counties  of  that  section  south  of  Tar  river. 


MINERALOGY.  57 


103.    SERPENTINE. 

The  massive  varieties  are  found  in  many  localities.  The  best  appears 
to  come  from  the  neighborhood  of  Patterson,  Caldwell  county.  It  has  a 
dark,  greenish  black  color,  and  contains  fine  veins  of  the  yellowish 
green  fibrous  and  silky  clirysotile,  and  admits  of  a  fine  polish  ;  greenish 
grey  massive  serpentine,  also  with  seams  of  greenish  and  grayish  white 
chrysotile  is  found  at  the  Baker  mine  in  Caldwell  county,  at  which 
place  is  also  found  the  varieties  marmolite  and  picrolite;  this  last  also 
occurs  abundantly  in  the  Buck  Creek  corundum  mine,  Clay  county. 
Dark  green  serpentine  has  been  observed  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ashe- 
ville  in  Buncombe  county,  in  Forsythe  and  Wake  counties.  A  grey- 
ish or  yellowish  green  serpentine  occurs  in  Caldwell,  Wilkes,  Surry, 
Yancey,  Stokes,  Orange  and  Wake  counties,  in  the  chrysolite  beds  of 
Macon,  Jackson,  Yancey,  Mitchell,  Watauga,  Burke,  and  other  coun- 
ties; it  results  from  the  decomposition  of  the  chrysolite,  which  how- 
ever is  not  always  complete  and  gives  rise  to  intermediate  stages,  in 
which  we  have  to  deal  with  mixtures  of  both  species.  Such  a  mix- 
ture from  the  Cullakenee  mine,  Clay  county,  has  been  analyzed  by 
me  (1),  also  a  compact  massive  serpentine  resembling  the  variety 
williamsite  from  the  chrysolite  beds  of  Webster  (2) : 

l  2 

Silicic  acid, 35.19  43.87 

Alumina, 0.64  0.31 

Ferrous  oxide, 9.70  7.17 

Niccolous  oxide, 0.27 

Manganous  oxide , ., trace 

Magnesia, 40.99  38.62 

Lime, 0.02 

Chromite, 0.57 

Water, 13.48  9  55 


100.00  100.38 

104.     DEWEYLITE. 


This  mineral  is  found  in  all  the  chrysolite  beds  of  the  Western 
counties,  in  yellowish  and  greenish  masses,  in  their  veins  or  seams, 
through  the  decomposed  rocks. 


58  GEOLOGY    OF     NORTH    CAROLINA. 


105.  CEROLITE. 

In  small  veins  or  seams  in  decomposed  chrysolite  at  Culsagee  mine, 
Macon  county,  forming  white  or  yellowish  masses.  It  has  not  been 
analyzed. 

106.  GENTHITE. 

In  amorphous  apple-green  coatings  upon  decomposing  chrysolite,  at 
Webster,  Jackson  county,  and  sparingly  at  the  Culsagee  mine,  Macon 
county,  and  also  on  Ivy  river,  Buncombe  county. 

107.  KAOLINITE. 

Snow  white  kaolin  is  found  as  the  result  of  the  decomposition  of 
orthoclase  at  most  of  the  mica  mines  in  Mitchell,  Yancey,  Macon  and 
other  counties.  Good  qualities  are  found  six  or  seven  miles  from 
Newton,  Catawba  county,  also  in  Lincoln,  Burke,  and  many  other 
counties.  Clay  for  firebricks  and  earthenware  occurs  in  many  locali- 
ties throughout  the  State. 

108.     SAPONITE. 

Found  in  Mitchell  county,  near  Bakersville,  in  the  cavities  of  the 
cellular  hornstone  of  the  chrysolite ;  popularly  known  as  mountain 
tallow.  K. 

109.     HALLOYSITE. 

Found  near  Salem,  Forsyth  county ;  is  of  an  olive  green  color,  and 
waxy  lustre.  The  variety  lithomarge  occurs  in  Burke  county.  K. 

110.     FINITE. 

This  mineral  is  found  as  a  light  grey  to  pale  or  dull  greenish  coat- 
ing in  the  joints  and  seams  and  between  the  lamina?  of  the  conglom- 
eritic  and  felsitic  slates  of  the  Huronian  series  in  the  middle  counties, 
and  also  of  the  granulites  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  K. 


MINERALOGY.  59 


111.     MARGARODITE. 

Occurs  in  several  of  the  mica  mines  of  Mitchell,  Yancey,  Macon, 
&c.,  and  also  occurs  in  Wake  county  in  association  with  tourma- 
line. K. 

112.  PARAGONITE. 

Is  found  in  the  so-called  talcoid  and  talco-micaceous  schists  of  the 
Piedmont  section,  especially  in  Burke,  Cald well  and  Catawba,  it  enters 
as  a  common  constituent  of  the  soft  brown  and  purple  schists  so 
common  as  to  be  characteristic  of  the  region.  It  is  also  to  be  seen  at 
Round  Knob,  in  McDowell,  in  the  altered  schists  and  slates  exposed 
in  the  railroad  cuts,  and  in  similar  rocks  in  Wake  county,  near 
Raleigh;  and  in  many  other  localities.  K. 

113.  DAMOURITE. 

Very  fine  white  and  yellowish  white  pearly  scales  are  found  with 
the  cyanite  at  Crowder's  and  Clubb's  mountains,  which  are  damourite, 
and  result  from  alteration  of  the  cyanite.  Under  similar  circum- 
stances it  is  found  in  Yancey,  Cherokee  and  Iredell  counties.  A  slaty 
damourite,  much  resembling  the  pyrophlite  slates  of  Chatham  and 
Moore  counties,  occurs  near  Warm  Springs,  Madison  county.  The 
most  interesting  occurrence  of  damourite  is  that  resulting  from  the 
alteration  of  corundum.  In  this  connection  it  is  found  in  many  va- 
rieties. It  is  sometimes  in  compact  masses,  with  a  crystalline  struc- 
ture, and  a  yellowish  white  color  surrounding  the  corundum  as  at  the 
Haskett  mine,  Macon  county,  or  it  envelopes  the  nodules  of  corun- 
dum, as  at  Belt's  bridge,  Iredell  county,  and  has  a  very  fine  fibrous 
structure  with  delicate  silky  lustre — the  fine  particles  gradually  as- 
suming a  scaly  structure  and  large  size.  At  Crowder's  and  Clubb's 
mountains  and  the  Culsagee  mine,  Macon  county,  the  damourite,  sur- 
rounding corundum,  occurs  in  the  form  of  small  silver  white  scales, 
usually  discolored  by  a  thin  coating  of  oxide  of  iron.  At  the  Hog- 
back mine,  in  Jackson,  and  especially  in  Haywood  county,  it  occurs 
in  a  similar  manner  but  it  frequently  surrounds  large  masses  of 
corundum  with  a  compact  or  semi-fibrous  coating  with  silky  lustre, 
which  towards  the  margin  becomes  more  crystalline  and  scaly;  at 


60 


GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


the  Presley  mine,  Haywood  county,  it  is  found  in  very  fine  scales, 
gradually  increasing  to  plates  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  sometimes 
directly  into  large  hexagonal  crystals  of  three  to  four  inches  in  diam- 
eter, still  inclosing  nuclei  of  the  original  mineral. 

The  importance  of  this  occurrence  required  numerous  analyses  to 
support  my  view  on  this  subject. 

The  following  have  been  analyzed  in  the  Laboratory  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsyvania  : 

1.  The  finely  fibrous  from  Belt's  Bridge,  by  Miss  Mary  T.  Lewis. 

2.  The  fine  scales  from   Crowder's  mountain,  by  Thos.  M.  Chatard. 

3.  The  fine  scales  from  Culsagee,  by  Geo.  A.  Koenig. 

4.  Plates  of  about  one  inch  in  diameter  from  the  Presley  mine,  by 
myself. 

The  following  are  the  results  : 


Spec.  Grav., 


:s.22\ 

0.61  / 


Silicic  acid, 43.9(5 

Alumina 38.22 

Ferric  oxide, 

^Magnesia, 

Lime, 0.37 

Lithia, 

Soda, 0.74 

Potash, 9.21 

Water, 4.89 


2 

3 

4 

2.860 

2,867 



43.51 

45.62 

44.89 

37.85 

35.98 
2.93 

38.02 
1.96 

0.31 

0.34 

0.14 

042 

trace. 

0.30 

trace. 

trace. 



1.04 

0.71 

0.60 

11.35 

9.40 

10.26 

7.73 

4.93 

4.50 

100.00 


102.21 


99.86 


100.67 


The  soft  pseudomorphous  crystals  in  the  form  of  staurolite  from 
Cherokee  county,  are  probably  damourite  in  composition. 

114.       CULSAGEEITE. 

The  mineral,  which  I  had  described  as  JefFerisite  from  Culsagee,  has 
been  distinguished  by  Prof.  Josiah  P.  Cooke,  Jr.,  as  culsageeite.  It 
occurs  in  broad  lamina?  or  plated  masses  of  a  yellowish  brown  color, 
sometimes  4  and  5  inches  in  diameter,  which,  when  heated  exfoliate 
iu  a  remarkable  manner.  It  is  also  found  at  the  same  locality,  in 
greenish,  brownish,  yellow  scales,  not  over  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter.  Both  varieties  have  been  analyzed,  the  former  by  Geo.  A. 
Koenig,  (1),  the  latter  by  Thos.  A.  Chatard,  (2).  J.  P.  Cooke,  Jr.,  has 


MINERALOGY.  61 

also  analyzed  the  large  plates,  but  his  analyses  represent  the  mineral 
after  having  been  dried  at  100°C,  (212°F.)  by  which  operation  it  lost 
from  10.19  to  10.27  per  cent  of  water. 

123  (dried.) 
Spec.  Gr., 2.225 

Silicic  acid,  33.93  34.00  37.58 

Alumina, 17.38  20.36  19.73 

Ferric  oxide, 5.42  4.91  5.95 

Ferrous  oxide, 0.50  0.42  0.58 

Niccolous  oxide, 0.35  0.57           

Magnesia, 23.43  21.71  25.13 

Water, 19.17  18.50  11.09 


100.18          100.47          100.06 

It  likewise  occurs  on  Ivy  river  near  Carter's,  Buncombe  county,  and 
at  Carter's  mine,  Madison  county,  and  in  Henderson  county  at  Cole- 
man's  Station. 

115.    KERRITE. 

Consists  of  innumerable  fine  scales  of  pale  greenish  yellow  color  and 
pearly  lustre.  Exfoliate  when  heated,  but  less  so  than  culsageeite. 
From  the  Culsagee  mine. 

It  was  analyzed  by  Thos.  M.  Chatard,  who  found  as  the  mean  result 
of  two  analyses : 

Spec.  Gr., 2.303 

Silicic  acid, 38.29 

Alumina, 11.41 

Ferric  oxide, 1.95 

Ferrous  oxide, 0.32 

Niccolous  oxide, 0.25 

Magnesia, 26.40 

Water, 21.25 

99.87 

116.    MACONITE. 

Closely  resembles  fine  scaly  culsageeite.  Dark  brown,  with  pearly 
lustre,  inclinining  to  submetallic.  Largely  exfoliating,  when  heated. 
Numerous  fragments  of  bluish  grey  corundum  are  imbedded  in  it. 


62  GEOLOGY   OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

The  carefully  selected  pure  scales  were  analyzed  by  Thos.  M.  Chatard, 
who  found  as  the  mean  result  of  two  analyses  : 

Spec.  Grav 2.827 

Silicic  acid, 34.23 

Alumina, 21.53 

Ferric  oxide, 12.41 

Ferrous  oxide, O.o2 

Niccolous  oxide, 0.12 

Magnesia, 14.46 

Lithia, trace. 

Soda, 0.51 

Potasli, 5.70 

Water, 11.85 

101.12 

117.     PENNINITE. 

The  variety  ksemmererite,  in  violet  and  peach-blossom  red  scales, 
is  associated  with  chromite  at  Culsagee  in  Macon  county,  Webster  in 
Jackson  county,  Hampton's,  Mining  Creek,  Yancey  county,  Rich 
Mountain,  Watauga  county,  etc. ;  three-sided  and  six-sided  plated 
crystals  of  a  dark,  greenish  and  purplish  color,  associated  with  talc, 
etc.,  in  the  chrysolite  beds  at  the  same  localities;  also  at  Bakersville, 
Mitchell  county,  and  Scott's  Creek,  Jackson  county. 

118.    PROCHLORITE  (AND  CHLORITE.) 

Fine-grained  scaly  prochlorite,  of  a  dark  green  color,  rarely  in 
wormlike  aggregations,  is  found  associated  with  an  albitic  rock,  from 
an  alteration  of  which  it  has  resulted,  at  the  Steele  mine,  Montgomery 
county.  At  the  Culsagee  iniue^prochlorite  occurs  as  the  result  of  the 
alteration  of  corundum,  often  showing  the  form  and  containing  yet  a 
core  of  the  original  mineral.  Frequently  the  corundum  has  first 
changed  into  spinel  and  the  latter  has  subsequently  been  altered  into 
prochlorite,  but  in*either  case,  where  it  touches  the  original  mineral, 
it  is  frequently  of  a  fine  scaly  pseudo-fibrous  structure  and  becoming 
more  laminated  at  a  greater  distance.  But  this  is  not  always  the  case, 
as  very  often  broadly  foliated  prochlorite  is  in  immediate  contact  with 
corundum.  Both  the  laminated  and  fine  scaly  form  beds  of  consider- 
able size.  Under  similar  circumstances  it  is  found  at  the  Hogback 


MINERALOGY.  63 

mine  in  Jackson  county,  at  Shooting  Creek  in  Clay  county;  near  Mar- 
shall and  at  the  Carter  mine  in  Madison  county. 

(The  so-called  corundophilite  of  Shepard,  which  was  established  by 
him  on  the  prochlorite  of  Marshall,  has  no  existence  in  North  Caro- 
lina.) Chlorite  in  scales  and  scaly  aggregations  is  found  in  many  of 
the  gold  and  copper  mines  in  the  state,  and  chloritic  slate  at  many 
localities  throughout  the  whole  slate  belt,  and  in  many  counties  out- 
side of  it,  both  in  the  Huronian  and  Montalban  rocks. 

I  have  analyzed  the  broadly  foliated  dark  green  variety  (1),  and  the 
fine  scaly  variety  diverging  from  corundum  (2),  both  from  Culsagee; 
and  the  fine  scaly  prochlorite  from  the  Steele  mine  (3) : 

123 

Silicic  add, 27.56  29.48  24.90 

Alumina, 22.75  22.22  21.77 

Ferric  oxide, 2.56  0.70             4.60 

Ferrous  oxide, 5.43  5.30  24.21 

Niccolous  oxide \     n  on  0.11  

Manganous  oxide, /  0.17             1.15 

Magnesia, '. 28.47  3099  12.78 

Water, 13.80  11.63  10,59 


100.87          10060         100.00 

Analyses  of  other  specimens  from  Culsagee,  made  by  Thos.  M.  Cha- 
tard  and  J.  L.  Smith,  gave  similar  results.  It  will  be  seen  from  these 
analyses  that  they  are  varieties  in  which  a  large  portion  of  the  ferrous 
oxide  is  replaced  by  magnesia. 

A  massive  chloritic  mineral  in  aggregations  of  minute  scales,  much 
resembling  thuringite,  has  been  found  at  Mount  Pisgah,  Iredell  county. 
I  have  made  an  analysis  of  it,  but  as  it  was  too  much  oxidized,  the 
amount  of  ferrous  oxide  could  not  be  ascertained  with  accuracy,  and 
therefore  a  doubt  exists  as  to  the  species  to  which  it  belongs.  The 
analysis  gave : 

Silicic  acid, 24.22 

Alumina, 19.34 

Ferric  oxide, 17.77 

Ferrous  oxide, 20.98 

Manganous  oxide, 0.07 

Magnesia, 5.72 

Water, 12.22 

100.32 


64  GEOLOGY  OP  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

119.  CHLORITOID. 

In  small  scales  of  a  greenish  black  color,  disseminated  through  the 
slaty  pyrophyllite,  from  Evans'  mill  in  Chatham  county.  I  have 
made  an  analysis  of  the  carefully  purified  scales : 

Spec.  Gray., 3.353 

Silicic  acid, 26.13 

Alumina, 40.11 

Ferric  oxide, 3.44 

Ferrous  oxide, , 23.01 

Manganous  oxide trace. 

Magnesia 0.94 

Water,  6.91 

100.54 

120.  WlLLCOXITE. 

Greenish  and  greyish  white  fine  scales  of  a  pearly  lustre,  much  re- 
sembling talc,  occurs  occasionally  as  the  result  of  the  alteration  of  co- 
rundum. One  specimen  from  Shooting  Creek,  Clay  county,  is  a  frag- 
ment of  a  semi-globular  mass  with  a  core  of  white  corundum  ;  also  in 
small  quantity  at  Cullakenee,  Clay  county,  and  probably  at  Culsagee, 
Macon  county. 

Both,  that  from  Shooting  Creek  (1),  and  that  from  Cullakenee  (2), 
have  been  analyzed  by  Geo.  A.  Koenig  : 

1  2 

SUicicacid, 28.96  29.50 

Alumina, 37.49  37.56 

Ferric  oxide, 1.26  1.40 

Ferrous  oxide, 2.44  2.38 

Magnesia, 17.35  17.20 

Lithia, trace.  trace. 

Soda, 6.73  6.24 

Potash, 2.46  2.42 

Water, 4.00  3.32 


100.69  100.02 

121.    MARGARITE. 
In  small  foliated  masses  of  silver  white  color  and  pearly  lustre,  some 


MINERALOGY. 


65 


of  the  folia  showing  planes  of  crystals,  associated  with  the  corundum 
at  the  Culsagee  mine  (1) ;  it  has  also  been  found  with  the  mass  of  blue 
corundum  found  at  Marshall,  Madison  county  ;  but  the  most  beauti- 
ful varieties  are  found  at  Cullakenee,  where  it  occurs  in  groups  of 
laminated  crystals,  sometimes  two  inches  long,  one  and  a-half  wide, 
and  five-eighths  inches  thick,  of  a  slightly  pinkish  white  color  and 
pearly  lustre  (2).  These  groups  contain  sometimes  a  nucleus  of  corun- 
dum, from  which  they  are  derived.  The  second  variety  from  the  same 
locality  occurs  in  the  form  of  broad  laminae,  of  a  pinkish  color,  in- 
termixed with  corundum  and  associated  with  zoisite,  (3) ;  a  third 
variety  from  Cullakenee  is  found  in  thin  seams  of  a  greyish  green 
color,  which  are  an  aggregate  of  minute  pearly  scales  of  a  greenish 
white  and  sea-green  color  (4).  It  is  found  rarely  in  Hogback  mine, 
Jackson  county.  The  grey  corundum  from  Penland's,  Clay  county, 
is  surrounded  by  a  white  and  yellowish  white  cryptocrystalline  and 
pseudofibrous  margarite,  and  a  similar  incrustation  is  found  upon  the 
blue  corundum  at  Crowder's  mountain. 

A  peculiar  variety  of  soda  margarite,  of  a  compact  and  cryptocrys- 
talline structure,  surrounds  the  hexagonal  corundum  crystals  from 
Hendrick's  farm,  near  Belt's  Bridge,  Iredell  county.  It  has  been 
analyzed  in  the  Laboratory  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  by 
Frank  Julian  (5).  I  have  analyzed  the  margarite  from  Culsagee  (1) ; 
Thos.  M.  Chatard  the  first  variety  (2),  and  I  the  second  (3)  and  third 
(4)  varieties  from  Cullakenee, 


Spec.  Grav. 


1 
3,087 


2 

2,990 


3 

3,055 


4 

3,064 


Silicic  acid, , 28.11  29,34  30.72  29.63  33.10 

Alluraina, 49.16  48.73  49.83  51.19  52.20 

Chromic  oxide, 0.13            

Ferrous  oxide, 0.43                 0.78  0.84  0.59  trace. 

Magnesia, 0.45                 0.78  Q-76  1.09           

Lime, 11.08  11.32  10.84  11.28  8.44 

Lithia, 0.45  trace.  trace.              

Soda, , 0.67                 2.61  2.19  1.22  2.59 

Potash, 0.22                 0.10  0.26  0.20           

Water, 6.43                 6.55  6.21  4.73  4.85 

Corundum.......... 3.31  , 


100.31 


100.21 


101.65 


100.06 


101.18 


GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH    CAROLINA. 


122.      DUDLEYITE. 

In  small  quantity  in  soft  bronze  colored  or  brownish  yellow  scales  with 
pearly  lustre,  slightly  exfoliating  when  heated.  They  are  probably  the 
result  of  the  alteration  of  margarite,  and  are  found  with  it  rarely  at 
the  Cullakenee  mine,  Clay  county. 

123.    URANOTIL. 

About  one-third  of  the  so-called  "gumraite,"  is  an  admixture  of 
uranotil,  but  this  mineral  is  also  obtained  in  a  nearly  pure  state  by 
the  farther  decomposition  of  the  uraninite  or  rather  gumraite.  It  is 
then  found  in,  apparently  amorphous,  compact  masses,  without  or 
with  a  waxy  lustre,  and  a  pale  straw,  or  lemon-yellow  color ;  opaque 
and  of  uneven  fracture:  Sp.  Gr.  3834,  incrusting  the  gummite,  but 
sometimes  the  whole  mass  of  the  nodules  changed  into  uranotiL 

The  mean  result  of  two  analyses  which  I  made  is  ; 

Silicic  acid, 13.72 

Uranic  oxide, 66.67 

Plumbic  oxide, 0.60 

Baryta, 0.28 

Strontia, 0.13 

Lime, 6.67 

Phosphoric  acid, 0.29 

Water, .'  12.02 

100.38 

From  the  Flat  Rock  mine,  Mitchell  county.  Found  also  with  guni- 
mite,  at  the  Deake,  Lewis  &  McHone  mines. 

124.     URANOCHRE. 

This  mineral,  closely  related  to  the  preceding,  is  found  as  a  yellow 
to  orange  colored  incrustation,  in  .the  Gibb's  mine,  Yancey  county, 
and  at  Flat  Rock  and  Bunchanan  mines  in  Mitchell.  K. 


MINERALOGY.  67 


125.      ZlPPEITE. 

Tiiis  third  related  species  of  uranium  mineral  is  reported  by 
Prof.  Julien  as  occurring  at  the  Higdon  mine,  Macon  county.  K. 

2,     Tantalales,  Columbates, 
126.     PYROCHLOBE  OR  MICROLITE, 

i 

Microscopic  brownish  yellow  or  honey  yellow  grains  and  crystals 
which  appear  to  be  octahedra,  with  dodecahedral  planes,  are  associated 
with  orthoclase,  tourmaline,  etc.,  at  Ray's  mica  mine,  on  Hurricane 
mountain,  Yancey  county,  and  are  probably  pyrochlore  or  perhaps 
microlite.  Larger  octahedra  are  reported  to  have  been  found  at  the 
Flat  Rock  mine  in  Mitchell  county,  and  were  called  microlite.  I  have 
never  seen  any  ;  those  sent  to  me  as  such,  were  garnet. 

327.     HATCHETTOLITE. 

In  octahedral  crystals  with  cubical  planes,  a  yellowish  brown  color, 
with  greyish  opalcscence,  resinous  lustre  and  subconchoidal  fracture. 
Hardness,  5.  Spec.  Grav.,  4.851. 

Three  analyses  of  it  have  been  made  by  J.  L,  Smith,  the  mean  re- 
sults of  which  I  give  (1),  and  one  by  0.  D.  Allen  (2) : 

1  2 

Tantalic  acid, ...  \    r>7  n,  2983 

Colnmbic  acid, /    b7'U4  34.24 

Titanic  acid, 1.61 

Tungstic  acid, \       Q  r  Q  3Q 

Stannic  acid, / 

Plumbic  oxide, trace,  trace. 

Uranic  oxide, 15. Cl  15.50 

Ferrous  oxide,  , 2.24  2,19 

Cerous  oxide,. 1     ,  ,» 

Yttria, /     1>17 

Magnesia, 0  15 

Lime. 7.31  8.87 

Soda, 1.37 

Potash, 0.86  trace. 

Loss  by  ignition, ! 4.87  4.49 

99.85  98.55 

Found  with  samarskite  at  Wiseman's  mine,  Mitchell  county. 


68  GEOLOGY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


128.     TANTALITE. 

A  massive  variety  of  tantalite,  weighing  a  few  ounces  has  been  col- 
lected by  the  late  Prof.  F.  H.  Bradley,  in  Yancey  county.  It  had  a 
black  color,  a  specific  gravity  of  6.88;  and  has  been  analyzed  by  W. 
J.  Cornstock,  who  found  : 

Tantalic  acid, 59.92 

Niobic  acid,- 23.63 

Ferrous  oxide, 12.86 

Manganous  oxide, 3.06 

Magnesia, ,    0.34 


[99.81 

It  is  also  described  by, Hidden  as  found  "in  Sharpe  township,  Alex- 
ander county,  in  a  well  terminated  crystal  of  four  ounces  in  weight. 
This  mineral  has  but  one  other  American  locality,  i.  e.,  Coosa  county, 
Alabama.  It  is  a  mineral  remarkable  for  its  high  specific  gravityr 
being  heavier  than  pure  iron." 

129.     COLUMBITE. 

It  occurs  in  crystals  and  crystalline  masses  of  a  black  color  imbed- 
ded in  the  samarskite  of  Wiseman's  mine,  Mitchell  county.  It  has 
also  been  found  at  the  Deake  mine  and  other  localities  in  the  same 
county,  and  in  Yancey  county  near  Burnsville,  and  at  Balsam  Gap 
mine  in  Buncombe,  and  near  Franklin  in  Macon  county.  One  crys- 
tal of  it  was  kindly  sent  me  by  Mr.  J.  A.  D.  Stephenson  of 
Statesville,  which  he  had  found  at  Isaac  Price's  farm,  White  Plains, 
Alexander  county.  I  have  a  crystal  of  about  2  inches  in  length,  1^ 
in  width  and  J  in  thickness,  from  Capt.  Mills'  mine,  Burke  county, 
which  appears  to  belong  to  this  species. 

J.  L.  Smith  has  analyzed  the  crystals  (1),  and  massive  varieties  (2) 
from  Wiseman's  mine,  and  I,  that  from  Isaac  Price's  farm  (3) : 

1  2  3 

Spec.  Grav., ,  5.562  5.485  5.758 

Col umbic  and  tantalic  acids,....  80.06  80.82  79.90 

Tungstic  and  atannic  acids, 1.21  1.02  0.56 


MINERALOGY.  69 

Ferrous' oxide, 14.14  8.73  15.14 

Manganous  oxide, 5.21  8.60  5.09 

Cupric  oxide, trace.  

100.G2  99.17         100.92 

130.    YTTROTANTALITE. 

According  to  General  Clingman,  grains  of  this  mineral  have  been 
found  in  several  localities  in  the  Western  counties. 

131.    SAMARSKITE. 

It  has  been  found  in  small  black  grains  and  pebbles,  sometimes 
weighing  J  of  an  ounce,  in  the  gold  sands  of  Rutherford  county,  which, 
when  broken,  had  a  vitreous  resinous  lustre  and  a  brownish  black 
color,  and  a  spec.  grav.  of  5.69.  It  is  found  also  in  the  gold  sands  of 
Burke  (at  Capt.  Mills')  and  McDowell  counties.  It  has  been  analyzed 
by  T.  S.  Hunt  (1). 

About  five  years  ago  large  masses,  one  of  them  weighing  over  20 
pounds,  have  been  found  at  Wiseman's  mine,  Mitchell  county.  Usu- 
ally in  irregularly  shaped  masses,  sometimes  coarsely  crystallized, 
rarely  in  distinct  modified  rhombic  prisms.  The  color  is  deep  velvet 
black,  in  their  edges  brown,  the  lustre  resinous  and  the  fracture  con- 
choidal.  Spec,  grav.,  5.72. 

It  has  been  analyzed  by  Miss  Ellen  H.  Swallow  (now  Mrs.  Richards) 
(2),  J.  L.  Smith  (3),  and  6.  D.  Allen  (4): 


1 

2 

3 

4 

Columbic  acid,  
Tantalic  acid,  , 

\   54.81 

54.96 

55.13 

37.20 
18.60 

Tungstic  and  stannic  acids,..  

0.16 

0.31 

0.08 

Uranic  oxide,  

17.03 

9.91 

10.96 

12.46 

Ferrous  oxide,-  

14.07 

14.02 

11.74 

10.90 

Manganous  oxide,  

0.91 

1.53 

0.75 

Cerous  oxide,  &c.,  

3.95 

5.17 

4.24 

4.25 

Yttria,  

11.11 

12.84 

14.49 

14.45 

Magnesia,  

0.52 

trace. 



Lime,  

0.55 

Loss  by  ignition,  , 

0.24 

0.66 

0.72 

1.12 

Insoluble,  

1.25 

101.21   100.40   99.12   109.38 


70  GEOLOGY    OF    NORTH    CAROLINA. 

Dr.  Smith  expresses  his  doubts  about  the  true  nature  of  the  cerooa 
oxide,  &c.,  separated  from  the  samarskite.  This  mineral  has  lately 
been  the  subject  of  investigation  by  numerous  chemists  and  several 
new  elements,  mosandrum,  philippium  and  decipiom  have  been  dis- 
covered in  it.  The  nature  of  these  has  not  yet  been  sufficiently  estab- 
lished to  understand  their  exact  relations.  Samarskite  has  also  been 
found  in  small  pieces  of  1  to  3  ounces  at  the  Grassy  Creek  mine,  Mitch- 
ell county,  and  in  McDowell  county. 

132.     EUXENITB. 

Associated  with  the  samarskite  at  Wiseman's  mine.  In  reddish 
brown  and  hair-brown  masses,  which  are  translucent  in  their  frag- 
ments, fracture  irregular  to  subconchoidal,  lustre  resinous,  not  crys- 
talized.  Spec.  grav.,.  4.593 — 4.642.  It  has  been  analyzed  by  J.  L, 
Smith,  who  found : 

Columbia  acid, 54.12 

Tungstic  and  stannic  acids, „ '  0.2i 

Yttria  and  cerous  oxide, ... , 24.10 

Lime, 5.53 

Uranie  oxide, 9.53 

Manganous  oxide, 0.08 

Ferrous  oxide, 0.31 

Water, ..., 5  70 


99.58- 
133. 


The  most  perfect  crystals  of  the  black  minerals  from  Ray's  Mica 
mine,  Yancey  county,  which  have  been  considered  columbite,  agree  in 
form  and  physical  properties  with  seschynite,  similar  in  appearance  to- 
that  from  Miask,  Siberia.  No  analysis  has  been  made.  It  is  reported 
also  from  Mitchell  county. 

134.       RUTHERFORDITE. 

In  monoclinic  crystals  and  grains  of  a  blackish  brown  color  and 
vitreo-resinous  lustre  and  conchoid  al  fracture.     Sp.  Gr.,  5.55  —  5.69. 
A  partial  analysis  by  T.  S.  Hunt  gave 


MINERALOGY.  71 

Titanic  acid, 58.5 

Lime, 10.0 

Not  determined, 31.5 

100.00 

In  the  gravel  deposits  of  Rutherford  and  Burke  counties. 
135.     FERGUSONITE. 

{ 

Found  by  Hidden  in  the  gold  sand  at  Capt.  J.  C.  Mills',  Burke 
county.     He  sends  the  following  analysis,  made  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Smith : 

Columbia  acid, , 48.12  percent. 

Yttria,  with  traces  of  other  earths, 40.20  "        " 

Uranium  oxide, 5.81  "        " 

Iron  oxide, 2.75  "        " 

Water, 1.50  u        " 


98.38  "        " 

"Any  little  tantalic  acid  with  the  columbic  acid  was  not  separated." 
Hidden  also  reports  it  as  found  in  Rutherford  and  Mitchell.         K. 

136.     ROGERSITE. 

In  white  mamillary  crusts  and  little  pearly  beads  upon  satnarskite 
and  euxenite  at  the  Wiseman  mine,  Mitchell  connty.     Spec.  Gr.,  3.313. 
It  has  been  analyzed  by  J.  L.  Smith,  who  found 

Columbic  acid, 18.10  20.21 

Yttria,  &c., 60.12  

Water, 17.41  16.34 


3.     Phosphates,  Arsenales,  Etc. 
137.     XENOTIME. 

In  minute  tetragonal  pyramids,  in  the  sands  from  gold  washings 
in  Polk,  McDowell,  Burke  and  Rutherford  counties.  In  some  sands 
which  I  have  lately  received  from  Capt.  Mills'  gold  mine  in  Burke 


72  GEOLOGY  OP  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

county,  there  were  a  few  peculiar  crystals  of  a  pale  greyish,  yellowish 
white  color.  They  were  tetragonal  pyramids,  but  were  irregular  and 
rough  on  the  planes,  and  appeared  to  inclose  some  foreign  substance, 
perhaps  zircons.  One  had  a  nucleus  'of  a  greenish  yellow  color  and 
resinous  lustre,  which  resembled  monazite.  A  few  tests  which  have 
been  made  with  a  fragment  of  a  crystal,  which  appeared  pretty  uni- 
form in  composition,  gave  a  substance  resembling  zirconia,  yttria  and 
phosphoric  acid,  with  a  minute  trace  of  cerous  oxide. 

138.     APATITE. 

This  is  a  rather  rare  mineral  in  this  state.  I  have  observed  it  in 
imperfect  crystals  of  a  greyish  and  reddish  green  color  in  orthoclase, 
etc.,  at  Ray's  mine,  Hurricane  mountain,  Yancey  county,  and  in  small 
granular  patches  of  a  greenish  color,  in  granite ;  found  three  miles 
south  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  sixteen  to  seventeen  miles  from  Jefferson,  on 
the  road  to  Wilkesboro';  found  also  in  greenish  white  crystals,  often 
inclosing  quartz,  sometimes  from  2  to  3  inches  in  length,  and  nearly 
one  inch  in  thickness,  implanted  in  albite  at  Point  Fizzle  and  at  Cox's 
M.,  Mitchell  county,  and  at  the  Presnel  and  Gugenheirn  mines,  Yancey 
county. 

139.    PYROMORPHITE. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  minerals  found  in  North  Carolina, 
and  formerly  has  been  quite  abundant  at  the  Silver  Hill  mine,  which 
furnished  very  handsome  specimens  of  hexagonal  prisms  and  crystal- 
line aggregations  of  different  shades  from  colorless  almost  to  black,  also 
honey  and  wax  yellow,  green,  brown,  etc.;  less  abundant,  and  mostly 
of  a  yellowish  green  color,  it  is  found  at  Silver  Valley,  Davidson  coun- 
ty. In  green  and  yellowish  green  crystals,  at  the  Troutman  and  Mc- 
Makin  mines,  in  Cabarrus  county ;  also,  at  the  Stewart  mine,  in  Union 
county,  and  in  minute  green  crystals  in  the  gold  veins  of  the  Baker 
and  Miller  mines,  Caldwell  county. 

140.    MONAZITE. 

It  is  found  in  considerable  quantities  in  small  brown,  greenish  or 
yellowish  brown  monoclinic  crystals  in  the  gold  sands  of  Rutherford, 
Polk,  Alexander,  Burke  and  McDowell  counties;  also  in  the  neigh- 


MINERALOGY.  73 

borhood  of  Crowder's  mountain,  Gaston  county,  and  at  Todd's  branch, 
in  Mecklenburg  county,  where  it  occurs  in  association  with  diamond, 
zircon,  etc. 

Very  fine  perfect  crystals  over  an  inch  long  have  been  lately  found 
by  Hidden  in  Mitchell  county.  He  also  found  it  in  mica  schist  at  the 
Deake  mine,  Mitchell  county,  and  in  feldspar  at  Ray's  mine,  Yancey 
county,  and  "in  transparent  crystals  (var.  turnerite)  at  Milholland's  mill, 
Alexander  county,  some  of  the  crystals  a  quarter  inch  long,  and  splen- 
dent." 

141.  VIVIANITE. 

Found  in  dark,  bluish  green  slender  crystals  in  a  compact  nodule 
of  tertiary  marl,  in  Edgecombe  county :  analyzed  by  W.  B.  Phillips 
of  the  Agricultural  Chemical  Station.  It  is  a  new  and  unnamed  va- 
riety, resembling  anglarite  and  ludlamite  in  its  percentages  of  water 
(14)  and  iron  oxide  (56),  but  differing  from  both,  and  occupying  an 
intermediate  position  between  them,  in  containing  equal  percentages 
of  both  forms  of  the  oxyde — protoxide  28.05,  sesquioxide  28.35.  K. 

142.  OLIVENITE. 

Minute  green  crystals  and  brownish  green  fibrous  masses,  associated 
with  tetrahedrite,  scorodite,  etc.,  at  George  Ludwick's  mine,  in  Cabar- 
rus  county,  appear  to  belong  to  this  species. 

143.     PSEUDOMALACHITE. 

In  reniform  and  fibrous  masses,  of  a  dark  emerald  green  color,  at 
the  McGinn  and  Wilson  mines,  in  Mecklenburg  county,  Cullen's  mine, 
in  Cabarrus  county,  Fisher  Hill  mine,  in  Guilford  county,  at  Clegg's 
mine,  in  Chatham  county,  and  about  one  mile  from  the  Soapstone 
quarry,  in  Moore  county ;  also,  at  the  Peach  Bottom  mine,  in  Alle- 
ghany  county. 

I  have  analyzed  thepseudoinalachite  from  the  McGinn  mine,  which 
contains : 

Phosphoric  acid, 24.58 

Cupric  oxide, 68.6 

Water, 6.86 


GEOLOGY   OF    NORTH   CAROLINA. 


144.    LAZULITE. 

In  dark  blue  crystals  and  crystalline  masses,  in  quartz,  and  asso- 
ciated with  cyanite  and  damourite  at  Crowder's  and  Clubb's  moun- 
tains, in  Gaston  county;  also,  in  quartz,  and  with  very  little  damour- 
ite, at  Coffee  Gap,  in  the  Sauratown  mountains,  Stokes  county.  That 
from  Clubb's  mountain  has  been  analyzed  by  Smith  and  Brush,  who 
found : 

Spec.  Grav., 3.122 

Phosphoric  acid, 43.18  44.15 

Alumina, 31.22  32.17 

Ferrous  oxide, 8.29  8.05 

Magnesia, 10.03  10.02 

Water, 5.G8  5.50 

Silicic  acid, 1.07  1.07 


99.70  100.93 

145.      SCORODITE. 

In  small  leek-green  and  yellowish  green  crystals,  associated  with 
tetrahedrite,  quartz,  etc.,  at  George  Ludwick's  mine,  in  Cabarrus 
county.  It  is  found  in  finely  granular  masses  of  a  brownish  yellow- 
ish green  color,  associated  with  leucopyrite,  from  the  oxidation  of 
which  it  is  formed  at  Drum's  farm  on  the  White  Plains,  Alexander 
county,  and  Dr.  Halyburton's,  in  Iredell  county. 

146.     WAVELLITE. 

Globular  and  hemispherical  aggregations  of  white  and  greyish  white 
wavellite,  associated  with  silver,  galenite,  pyrite,  etc.,  are  rarely  met 
with  at  Silver  Hill,  Davidson  county. 

147.     PHARMACOSIDERITE. 

Exceedingly  minute  crystals  of  this  mineral,  of  a  browish  green 
color,  are  associated  with  the  scorodite  of  George  Ludwick's  mine, 
Cabarrus  county. 


MINERALOGY.  75 


148.      DUFRENITE. 

It  is  rarely  met  with  in  greyish  green  tufts  of  silky  lustre,  with  the 
so-called  "  black  band"  iron  at  Egypt,  Chatham  county. 

149.     PHOSPHURAN^LITF. 

In  microscopic  rectangular  pearly  scales  or  in  pulverulent  incrusta- 
tions upon  quartz,  muscovite  and  feldspar.  Deep  lemon  yellow. 

I  have  made  an  analysis  of  a  specimen,  which  appears  to  have  been 
slightly  contaminated  with  cerussite,  and  found  the  composition,  after 
deducting  the  plumbic  oxide,  as  follows  : 

Uranic  oxide, 76.71 

Phosphoric  acid, 12.08 

Water, 11.21 


Associated  with  autunite  and  other  uranium  minerals  at  the  Flat 
Rock  mine  and  Buchanan  mine,  Mitchell  county. 

150.     ANTUNITE. 

In  beautiful  nearly  square  scales  or  small  crystals  of  a  greenish 
yellow  or  yellowish  green  color,  upon  quartz  and  feldspar  at  the  Flat 
Hock  and  other  mines,  Mitchell  county;  Hidden  also  reports  it  from 
Alexander  county. 

151.     NITRE. 

Crystalline  crusts  on  mica  slate  at  Nantehaleh  river,  in  Cherokee 
county. 

5.     Tungstates,  Molybdates,  &c. 
152.     WOLFRAMITE. 

In  laminated  masses  with  cuproscheelite  and  scheelite  at  the  Cosby 
mine,  and  with  barite,  at  the  Flowe  mine,  both  in  Cabarrus  county; 


76  GEOLOGY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

also  according  to  General  Clingman,  frequent  in  Rutherford  and  Burke 
counties. 

I  have  made  an  analysis  of  the  wolfram,  which  forms  the  nuclei  in 
the  rhombic  tungstate  of  lime  and  found  : 

Spec.  Grav 7.496 

Ferrous  oxide, 19.80 

Manganous  oxide, 5.35 

Lime, 0.32 

Stannic  acid, trace. 

Tungstic  acid, 75.79 


101.26 

153.    RHOMBIC  TUNGSTATE  OF  LIME. 

Associated  with  wolframite,  in  barite,  at  the  Fiowe  mine,  in  Cabar- 
rus  county,  in  small  crystals  and  laminated  masses  of  a  yellowish  and 
greyish  color,  which  frequently  contain  a  nucleus  of  wolfram. 

154.     SCHEELITE. 

Orange  colored  tetragonal  pyramids  are  found  at  the  Flowe  mine  ; 
yellowish  brown  and  greyish,  imperfect  crystalline  masses  at  the 
Cosby  mine,  also  at  Cullen's  mine,  Cabarrus  county,  in  rounded  gran- 
ular patches  of  a  greyish  yellow  color,  with  auriferous  pyritein  quartz. 
I  have  analyzed  the  latter  and  found  them  composed  of 

Stanic  acid, 0.13 

Tungstic  acid, 79.52 

Cupric  Oxide, 0.08 

Ferric  oxide, 0.18 

Lime, 19.13 

99.22 
155.      CUPROSCHEELITE. 

Iii  yellowish  green  and  siskin  green  pulverulent  coatings  upon 
scheelite  at  the  Cosby  mine,  Cabarrus  county. 


MINERALOGY.  77 


156.    STOLZITE. 

A  few  small  tetragonal  pyramids  of  a  bluish  grey,  and  one  small, 
somewhat  barrel-shaped  crystal  of  a  greyish  yellow  color  of  this  very 
rare  mineral  have  been  found  in  a  lump  of  quartz,  associated  with 
sphalerite  at  Silver  Hill,  Davidson  county. 

6.     Sulphates,  Chromales,  &c. 

157.    BARITE. 

In  small  white  tabular  crystals,  with  pyromorphite  and  manganese 
ores  at  the  McMakin  mine,  Phoenix  mine,  and  White's  mine,  Cabar- 
bus  county.  The  laminated  and  coarsely  granular  white  variety  at 
the  Flowe  mine  and  Orchard  vein,  in  Cabarrus  county;  a  vein  of  the 
coarsely  laminated,  greyish  white  barite,  at  the  Latta  mine,  near  Hills- 
boro',  Orange  county.  It  occurs  coarsely  granular,  and  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  white  marble,  at  Colonel  Walkup's,  Union  couuty.  A 
vein  of  very  white  compact  and  granular  barite  of  from  seven 
to  eight  feet  in  width,  has  been  found  at  Crowder's  mountain,  Gaston 
county;  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  a  vein  of  eight  feet  in  width,  exists 
at  Chandlers',  nine  miles  below  Marshall,  in  Madison  county,  where 
it  is  white  and  greyish  white  in  color,  and  of  a  granular  structure,  con- 
taining small  patches  of  laminated  barite,  also  on  El  kin  creek,  in 
Wilkes  county. 

158.     ANQLESITE. 

In  small  tabular  rhombic  prisms,  with  very  few  additional  planes 
in  the  brown  granular  zincblende  of  Silver  Hill,  Davidson  ;  also,  ac- 
cording to  General  Clingman,  at  the  Baker  mine,  in  Caldwell  county. 

159.    CROCOITE. 

I  have  observed  this  rare  mineral  in  small  cavities  of  saccharoida 
quartz,  from  Nash  county,  in  very  minute  dark  hyacinth  red  cyrstals, 
associated  with  gold  and  small  quantities  of  galenite. 


78  GEOLOGY    OF    NORTH   CAROLINA. 


160.     MELANTERITE. 

As  the  result  of  the  decomposition  of  pyrite,  disseminated  through 
many  of  the  mica  slates,  etc.,  of  Rutherford,  Cleveland  and  other 
counties,  melanterite  or  copperas  is  formed,  but  no  good  crystallized 
specimens  have  come  to  rny  notice. 

101.     GOSLARITE. 

In  the  water  of  the  Silver  Hill  mine,  also  in  fine  fibrous  crystalline 
masses  upon  sphalerite  formerly  at  the  McMakin  mine,  Cabarrus 
county. 

162.     CHALCANTHITE. 

Very  fine  crystals,  granular  and  fibrous  crystalline  masses  of  sul- 
phate of  copper,  were  formerly  obtained  from  the^upper  works  of  the 
{Silver  Hill  mine,  Davidson  county,  principally  at  the  sixty  feet  level. 

163.     ALUNOGEN. 

I  have  once  seen  a  beautiful  specimen  of  fibrous,  silky  alunogen  of 
the  western  counties,  but  could  not  learn  the  exact  locality  from  which 
it  came.  It  is  found  abundantly  associated  with  melanterite,  in  Ruth- 
erford, Cleveland  and  other  counties,  but  not  in  good  specimens;  also 
in  Iredell  and  Catawba  counties. 

164.    JAROSITE. 

The  impure  variety  generally  called  "  Misy,"  has  been  observed  in 
association  with  galenite  and  pyrite,  at  Flint  Knob,  Wilkes  county. 

165.     MONTAXITE. 

This  very  rare  tellurate  of  bismuth  has  been  found  with  tetrady- 
mite  at  David  Beck's  mine  in  Davidson  county,  and  at  Captain  Mills', 
in  Burke  county.  The  yellow  oxide  of  bismuth,  observed  by  Dr.  As- 
bury,  at  the  Asbury  vein,  in  Gaston  county,  may  belong  to  this  species. 


MINERALOGY.  79 

An  analysis,  which  I  have  made  of  that  from   Davidson  county 
gave 

Ferric  oxide 1-2G 

Cupric  oxide, 1.0-1 

Bismuthic  oxide, 68.78 

Telluric  acid, 25.45 

Water, 3.47 

100.00 

7.   Carbonates. 
166.     CALCITE. 

Perfect  crystals  are  found  at  Whiteville,  Columbus  county,  in  marl 
and  in  the  Clegg  mine,  Chatham  county.  It  occurs  coarsely  granular 
in  a  vein  at  Hoover's  mine,  about  six  miles  from  Silver  Hill,  at  Moore's 
mine,  ten  miles  southeast  of  Lexington,  in  Ore  Knob  mine,  Ashe 
county,  and  rarely  at  Silver  Hill,  in  Davidson  county,  and  the  Steele 
mine,  Montgomery  county.  Small  quantities  of  granular  calcite  were 
found  in  digging  a  well  at  Morrisville,  Wake  county.  The  granular 
varieties,  which  constitute  marble,  are  sometimes  found  associated  with 
the  compact  varieties  of  limestone  in  the  band  which  passes  through 
North  Carolina,  from  Stokes  county,  through  Catawba,  Lincoln  and 
Gaston  counties,  as,  for  instance,  at  the  quarries  of  Martin  on  Snow 
creek,  of  Bolejack,  near  Germanton,  in  Stokes  county,  Pfaff,  in  Forsyth, 
Hooper  in  Catawba,  and  Stowe  in  Lincoln  counties,  and  in  the  Eocene 
limestone  of  New  Hanover  county.  A  coarse  granular  limestone  oc- 
curs also  at  Gosh  en,  and  at  Haskett's,  on  Ellijay  Cr.,  Macon  county, 
and  on  Cullowhee  Cr.,  Jackson  county,  and  again  on  Bear  Cr.,  and 
Walnut  Cr.,  and  at  Marshall,  in  Madison  county.  <V  veined  grey  and 
white  marble  is  found  at  Powell's  Quarry,  near  Catawba  Station,  Ca- 
tawba county.  Very  beautiful  varieties  of  white,  pink  and  grey  mar- 
ble are  found  abundantly  at  the  Nantebaleh  river,  Marble  creek, 
Valley  river,  and  other  places  in  Cherokee  county.  A  band  of  com- 
pact limestone,  sometimes  finely  granular,  is  found  in  Turkey  Cove, 
and  Cedar  Cove,  and  on  Linville  mountain,  and  Graveyard  mountain 
in  McDowell  county,  also  in  Jackson,  Transylvania  and  Henderson 
counties,  and  at  Warm  Springs,  and  on  Shut  In  Cr.,  and  Laurel  River, 
Madison  county.  It  is  also  found  in  small  seams  and  crystalline 


80  GEOLOGY    OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

grains,  replacing  in  part,  the  orthoclase  of  a  massive  granitic  gneiss  in 
Harnett  county. 

167.     DOLOMITE. 

Granular  dolomite  of  a  greyish  white  color,  resembling  marble,  is 
found  on  Valley  river,  ten  miles  from  Murphy,  Cherokee  county. 

168.    MAGNESITE. 

The  lamellar  white  and  greyish  variety,  from  which  distinct  cleavage 
crystals  can  be  obtained,  is  found  at  McMakin's  mine,  Cabarrus  county; 
also,  with  chrysolite  at  Webster,  Jackson  count}7,  and  Hampton's, 
Mining  Creek,  Yancey  county.  At  the  latter  locality  are  also  found 
the  white  compact,  and  at  Webster,  the  white  earthy  and  pulverulent 
varieties.  Breunerite  occurs  in  serpentine,  4  miles  S.  of  Morganton, 
Burke  county,  and  near  Dobson,  Surry  county. 

169.     SIDERITE. 

In  fine  rhombohedral  crystals,  formerly  at  the  McCulloch,  the  North 
Carolina,  and  several  other  mines  in  Guilford  county,  where  it  occur- 
red in  considerable  masses  in  the  vein.  In  the  same  manner  it  is  of 
frequent  occurrence  in  many  of  the  gold  veins  of  the  State,  especially 
in  those  which  carry  copper.  It  often  forms  almost  the  whole  mass  of 
the  veins,  frequent!}-,  however,  decomposed  into  limonite,  which  still 
retains  its  rhombohedral  form  ;  for  instance,  at  Conrad  Hill  in  David- 
son county,  and  in  Gaston  county,  at  some  of  the  mines  in  Randolph 
county,  and  the  Cosby  mine  in  Cabarrus  county.  In  smaller  quanti- 
ties it  has  been  observed  in  Stokes  county,  and  some  of  the  mines  in 
Mecklenburg  and  in  Alexander  county.  A  white  cleavable  variety 
occurs  at  the  Rudisill  mine,  near  Charlotte.  The  earthy  and  argilla- 
ceous varieties  of  siderite  forms  large  beds  in  the  Triassic  coal  strata 
and  constitute  the  so-called  black  band  or  ball  ore  at  Farmville,  Egypt, 
the  Gulf,  etc.,  in  Chatham  county.  It  is  also  found  in  compact,  grey- 
ish brown  nodules  in  Halifax  and  Granville  counties. 

170.    RHODOCHROSITE. 
In  small  globular  pink  and  rose-red  concretions,  with  earthy  man- 


MINERALOGY.  81 

ganese  near  Franklin  in  Macon  county,  also  mixed  with  magnesite, 
talc,  etc.,  in  compact  and  granular  masses  at  the  McMakin  mine,  Ca- 
barrus  county. 

171.     CERUSSITE. 

The  most  beautiful  crystallizations,  single  individuals  as  well  as 
twins,  have  been  found  at  Silver  Hill,  immediately  after  the  discovery 
of  the  mine,  also  white,  yellowish  and  greenish  white,  compact  varie- 
ties, frequently  highly  argentiferous.  A  very  interesting  occurrence 
at  the  same  mine  is  cerussite,  pseudomorphous  after  pyrite.  Yellow- 
ish white  columnar  cerussite  occurs  in  Gaston  county.  Rhombic 
prisms  with  pyramidal  planes,  together  with  imperfect  crystallizations 
and  earthy  masses,  are  found  at  Clegg's  mine,  Chatham  county.  At 
Elk  creek,  in  Wilkes  count}r,  earthy  cerussite  has  been  observed,  coat- 
ing galenite.  It  is  also  found  at  Baker  mine  in  Caldwell  county,  and 
at  Murphy,  Cherokee  county. 

172.    MALACHITE. 

Malachite,  in  its  varieties,  fibrous,  compact  and  earthy,  being  the  re- 
sult of  the  decomposition  of  other  copper  ores,  is  found  in  association 
with  the  latter  in  almost  every  copper  mine  in  the  State.  The  Guil- 
ford,  Cabarrus  and  Mecklenburg  county  copper  mines  contain  it.  I 
have  observed  the  fibrous  variety  at  Silver  Hill  and  Conrad  Hill  in 
Davidson  county,  the  Gillis  mine  in  Person  county,  the  Cheek  mine 
in  Moore  county,  and  both  the  fibrous  and  earthy  malachite  at  Clegg's 
mine  in  Chatham  county.  It  has  been  found  in  the  Brushy  Moun- 
tains, Alexander  county,  the  Peach  Bottom  mine,  Alleghany  county, 
the  Ore  Knob  mine  in  Ashe  county,  the  Gap  Creek  mine  in  Watauga 
county,  the  Cullowhee,  Savannah,  and  Waryhut  mines  in  Jackson 
county,  near  Sassafras  Fork  in  Granville  count}'-,  and  many  other  lo- 
calities too  numerous  to  be  mentioned.  Pseudomorphs  of  malachite, 
after  cubical  cuprite,  have  been  found  at  Cullen's  mine,  Cabarrus 
county. 


6 


82  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


173.    AZURITE. 

This  variety  of  carbonate  of  copper  is  far  less  frequently  met  with. 
Small,  tbut  ^very  beautiful  and  perfect  crystals  are  found  at  Clegg's 
mine  and  at  Snipes'  (iron)  mine  in  Chatham  county,  and  at  the  Cheek 
mine  in  Moore  county.  It  is  rare  at  the  Cullen  and  Boger  mine  in 
Cabarrus  county,  and  the  Wilson  mine  in  Mecklenburg  county,  and 
at  Wells',  Gaston  county. 

174.    BISMUTITE. 

In  yellowish  white  concretions,  often  of  a  pearly  lustre  or  white  in- 
crustations upon  gold-bearing  quartz,  at  the  Asbury  mine  in  Gaston 
county,  where  it  has  been  discovered  by  Dr.  Asbury. 


Mineral  Coal. 
175.    ANTHRACITE. 

A  very  interesting  occurrence  of  anthracite  is  that  of  masses  with 
conchoidal  fracture  in  the  vein  rock  at  the  Clegg  mine  in  Chatham 
county.  The  bituminous  coal,  both  of  the  Deep  an  Dan  rivers  is  fre- 
quently, especially  near  trap-dykes,  almost  deprived  of  its  hydrocar- 
bons, often  approaching  true  anthracite. 

176.    BITUMINOUS  COAL. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  coal  in  the  Deep  river  beds  is  bituminous 
coal,  the  volatile  matter  varying  from  about  eight  to  thirty-two  per 
cent.  The  Dan  river  coal,  which  I  had  opportunity  to  examine,  is  so- 
called  semi-bituminous  coal,  that  from  near  Stokesburg,  Stokes  county, 
containing  about  ten  per  cent  of  volatile  matter. 

177.    LIGNITE  OR  BROWN  COAL. 
Frequently  met  with  in  the  marl  beds  of  the  Eastern  counties,  and 


MINERALOGY.  83 

in  the  Trias  of  Gran  ville  county,  on  Tar  river,  and  on  Brown's  creek, 
Anson  county. 

Organic    Compounds. 
178.    SUCCINITE. 

Found  in  lumps,  of  several  ounces  weight,  in  Pitt  county  and  else- 
where, in  the  Tertiary  marl  beds  of  the  eastern  counties.     K. 


ADDENDUM. 

At  my  request  Mr.  W.  E.  Hidden  has  prepared  the  following  ac- 
count of  some  of  the  results  of  his  recent  explorations  in  the  State  in 
search  of  valuable  and  rare  minerals. 

STONY  POINT,  ALEXANDER  Co.,  N.  CX, 
November  20th,  1880. 

Prof.  W.  C.  KERR, 

State  Geologitf.  of  North  Carolina  : 
SIR: 

I  herewith  submit  to  you  a  few  facts  which  were  noticed  in  my 
search  for  platinum  in  this  State.  My  platinum  hunt  was  in  the  in- 
terest of  the  famous  inventor,  Thomas  A.  Edison,  who  had  given  me 
"  carte  blanche  "  to  visit  and  inspect  the  Southern  gold  placers  of  the 
United  States,  with  the  sole  idea  of  testing  them  for  platinum. 

In  regard  to  the  success  of  my  search,  I  will  state  that  at  the  many 
places  where  I  operated  I  did  not  succeed  in  finding  any  traces  of  its  existence. 
The  five  reported  localities  in  this  state  were  carefully  examined  with- 
out success. 

While  examining  these  auriferous  gravels  for  platinum,  I  would  oc- 
casionally notice  in  my  pannings  some  crystals  of  minerals  of  great 
interest  to  science.  The  Brindletown  gold  district  of  Burke  county 
proved  to  be  the  most  interesting  locality  in  this  connexion.  No  less 


84  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

than  forty-five  distinct  mineral  species  were  selected  from  these  gravels 
in  my  short  stay  there.     I  beg  leave  to  mention  in  detail  the  most  in- 
teresting of  them : 
OCTAHEDRITE,    (Anatase) : 

I  discovered  here  in  flat  tabular  crystals  of  unusual  size  and  having 
great  brilliancy.  A  few  transparent  (!)  glassy  crystals  were  found  of  a 
pale  green  color.  Some  were  highly  modified  and  splendent.  The  pris- 
matic cleavage  was  often  observed.  This  mineral  is  one  of  the  three 
occurring  forms  of  titanic  acid  ;  its  only  other  locality  in  the  United 
States  is  Smithfield,  R.  I.,  where  the  crystals  are  very  small  and  rare. 
BROOKITE  : 

Many  beautiful  crystals  of  this  form  of  titanic  acid  were  found  here 
also.  Their  color  varied  from  dull  yellow  to  brown,  a  few  being  of  a 
fine  red  with  highly  modified  terminations.  The  crystals  are  all  small. 
FERGUSONITE,  (A  columbate  of  yttra  and  allied  earths) : 

This  very  rare  mineral  I  found  to  exist  here  quite  abundantly.  As 
many  as  three  hundred  crystals  were  found  altogether  in  my  search. 
The  occurring  form  is  a  very  acute  octahedron  with  the  basal  plane. 
Hemihedral  planes  common,  color  brown  black.  Crystals  mostly  cov- 
ered with  a  gray  crust.  Thin  splinters  reddish  brown.  Fracture  con- 
choidal,  brilliant.  Sp.  grav.,  5.87,  (Dr.  J.  L.  Smith).  This  is  the  only 
American  locality  where  this  rare  mineral  can  be  readily  obtained. 
It  has  been  found  at  Rockport,  Mass.,  (very  sparingly)  in  granite. 
MONAZITE  : 

(Phosphate  of  cerium,  lanthanum,  etc.,  with  a  trace  of  tin.)  This 
mineral  is  particular^  abundant  at  Capt.  J.  C.  Mills'  mine,  in  Burke 
county.  I  sent  Mr.  Edison  over  fifty  pounds  of  gravel  washings  from 
this  mine  that  was  sixty  per  cent,  monazite.  Fourteen  ounces  of 
chemically  pure  monazite  were  obtained  by  sifting  old  tailings  and  pick- 
ing out  by  hand  the  largest  crystals.  Mr.  Edison  desired  this  mineral 
for  the  oxide  of  thorinum  which  it  sometimes  contains ;  he  was  suc- 
cessful in  finding  it  in  this  N.  C.  monazite,  for  his  experiments. 

I  was  particularly  struck  by  the  very  common  occurrence  of  this 
mineral  in  the  gold  gravels  of  this  State.  Burke  county  seems  to 
have  it  most  abundantly,  but  I  found  it  quite  common  in  McDowell, 
Yancey,  Mitchell,  Rutherford  and  Polk  counties.  I  believe  that 
pannings  from  any  of  the  branches  in  Burke,  Rutherford  or  Polk 
counties,  will  bring  it  to  light. 

The  crystals  are  usually  well   formed  and  vary  considerably  in 


MINERALOGY.  85 

habit ;  they  are  commonly  very  small,  though  some  at  Capt.  Mills' 
mine  were  one  quarter  inch  in  width  and  length. 
XENOTIME,  (A  phosphate  yttria.) : 

I  found  somewhat  abundant  in  Burke  county,  at  Brindletown.  The 
crystals  were  low  octahedrons;  color,  light  grey  to  light  brown  ;  cleav- 
age prismatic.  Crystals  minute  to  one-half  inch  diameter.  Rutherford, 
McDowell  and  Polk  counties  afford  them.  I  obtained  about  100 
crystals  in  all. 

I  found  on  examination  of  the  Burke  tenotimes,  that  some  of  them 
had  a  central  core  of  zircon,  which  was  symmetrically  compounded 
with  them,  like  those  from  Hitteroe,  in  Norway.  This  is  the  first  dis- 
covery of  this  compound  form  outside  of  the  Norway  locality. 

A  trip  to  Mitchell  county  resulted  in  the  adding  to  my  cabinet  of 
some  very  remarkable  mineral  specimens  from  the  mica  mines  of  that 
region.  Of  Hatchettolite,  (the  new  variety  of  microlite,  by  Dr.  J.  L. 
Smith,)  I  was  able  to  obtain  crystals  from  an  eighth  to  three  quartei*s  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  having  the  planes  33,  i,  1  and  0. 
MONAZITE  : 

The  crystals  I  discovered  in  Mitchell  county  were  well  formed  and  of 
uncommon  size.  One  measured  one  and  a  half  inches  long  by  three 
quarters  wide,  and  was  one  of  a  group.  This  size  is  exceptional  for 
this  country,  or  even  this  mineral.  The  Mitchell  monazite  is  "  in 
situ  "  in  mica-schist,  at  the  Deake  mine.  The  Yancey  county  mona- 
zite I  found  at  the  Ray  mica  mine,  embedded  in  feldspar,  the  crystals 
were  very  beautiful  and  complex  in  form,  with  sp.  grav.  5.243. 
URANINITE,  (Pitchblende) : 

Pure  and  unaltered,  in  masses  of  several  ounces  weight.  And  in 
cubes  and  cubo-ootahedrons  embedded  in  feldspar,  and  often  coated 
with  autunite  or  gummite. 

./ESCHYNITE  (?)  : 

In  deeply  striated  prisms  in  feldspar,  associated  with  Apatite  and 
Beryl 
GUMMITE  : 

Pseudomorphs  (cubes  and  octahedrous)  after  uraninite  were  quite 
common  at  the  time  of  my  visit.  A  mass  weighing  6  Ibs.  and  6  oz., 
the  largest  yet  discovered,  came  into  my  possession  lately;  it  is  partly 
unaltered  uraninite. 

The  beauty  of  some  of  this  N.  C.  gummite  (hydrous  oxide  of  ura- 
nium) is  especially  worthy  of  note.  It  varies  from  the  brightest  lemon 
yellow  to  the  richest  shade  of  deep  orange-red,  and  often  with  a  core  of 
velvet  black  uraninite  in  the  larger  pieces. 


86  GEOLOGY   OF     NORTH   CAROLINA. 

The  Flat-Rock,  Deake  and  Lewis  mine  are  the  best  mines  for  pro- 
curing gutnmite  from  at  the  present  writing.  At  the  latter,  it  can  be 
had  iri  the  matrix. 

Samarskite,  columbite,  zircon,  garnet,  autunite,  beryl  (one  fine  blue 
crystal,  doubly  terminated,  of  ten  pounds  weight) !  and  dark  green 
tourmaline  were  also  obtained. 

In  Yancey  county,  at  Wm.  Hampton's,  fine  epidote(f)  in  very  com- 
plex forms.  Chromite,  yielding  upon  analysis  41  per  cent.,  47  per 
cent.,  48  per  cent.,  51  per  cent.,  and  54  per  cent.,  oxide  of  chrominum. 
An  average  analysis  on  2,000  pounds  of  loose  chroinite,  found  on  the 
surface,  and  shipped  to  New  York  by  the  writer,  yielded  47.63  per 
cent,  chromic  oxide.  Consumers  of  chroinite  require  a  50  per  cent. 
ore. 
SPODUMENE  : 

Has  been  occasionally  found  for  some  years  past,  on  the  J.  W.  War- 
ren plantation,  loose  in  the  soil.  It  has  passed  under  the  name  of 
diopside,  so  much  did  it  resemble  it  and  so  unlike  was  it  from  any 
previously  discovered  spodumene  (!).  The  crystals  are  small  but 
beautifully  transparent  (!)  Their  color  varies  between  a  yellowish 
and  a  deep  chrome  green  I  Form,  long  prismatic,  with  rounded  termi- 
nations. Twins  common.  It  is  associated  with  beryl  (grass  green), 
orthoclase,  pyrite  and  quartz  crystals  (which  enclose  the  spodumene 
sometimes)  in  a  very  narrow  vein. 

I  have  sunk  a  shaft  twenty-five  feet  on  this  vein. 

This  new  variety  of  spodumene  is  to  that  species  precisely  what 
emerald  is  to  the  species  beryl.  It  possesses  the  characteristics  that 
are  considered  vital  in  a  gem  stone  (!)  i.  e.  beauty,  hardness,  transpa- 
rency and  rarity  (!)  Strong  htfpes  are  entertained  of  its  being  found 
of  a  sufficient  size  for  cutting. 


MINERALOGY. 


87 


ALEXANDER   COUNTY  QUARTZ   CRYSTALS, 

Figures  A,  B,  C  and  D  are  examples  of  crystals  terminated  by  planes 
in  the  2-2  zone,  which  feature,  as  far  as  the  writer  can  gather  from  the 
literature  on  the  species,  is  new  to  science.  Crystals  having  this  very 
interesting  feature,  I  have  only  observed  in  the  counties  of  Iredell, 
Catawba,  Burke  and  Alexander  in  this  State,  and  at  Cumberland,  R. 
I.  The  series  of  planes  above  2-2  are  mostly  rounded,  but  commonly 
have  a  good  polish.  They  are  invariably  striated  parallel  to  the  edge 
of  2-2.  They  occur  both  right  and  left  handed.  Figs  A  and  C  being 
right,  B  and  D  left 

The  first  four  figures  are  interesting  also  in  other  occurring  rare 
planes. 

Fig.  C.  This  crystal  is  of  special  interest.  The  edge  between  3  and 
3  being  replaced  and  having  the  di-hexagonal  prism  (i-2.) 

Fig.  3.  Special  attention  is  called  to  the  basal  truncation,  and  to 
the  replacement  of  the  edge  between  R  and  R,  by  a  plane  in  the — J 
zone.  Also  to  certain  inverted  triangular  markings,  like  those  on  crys- 
tals of  diamond.  The  0  plane  and  the  (new  ?)  plane  in  the — f  zone 
occur  usually  rough. 


88 


GEOLOGY  OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 


Fig.  F  has  much  the  same  interest  as  E,  but  has  the  edge  replaced 
between — 1  and  R,  the  di-hexagonal  pyramid. 

Fig.  G,  a  crystal  terminated  almost  wholly  by  the  rhombohedral 
plane  3.  A  magnificent  example  of  this  rare  form  is  in  the  cabinet  of 
Mr.  J.  Adlai  Stephenson,  of  Statesville. 

Fig.  H,  a  crystal  having  the  planes  2-2,  3-f,  and  44,  bevelling 
every  prismatic  face  at  its  intersection  with  the  terminal  plane.  It  is 
also  modified  otherwise  interestingly.  This  crystal  was  perfectly  pel- 
lucid, had  a  beautiful  yellow  tint,  with  all  the  planes  lustrous  as  those  of  a 
gem. 

Fig.  I  is  ideal,  but  illustrates  a  form  not  uncommon  in  the  county. 
Often  the  cap  or  terminal  crystal  is  strongly  in  contrast  with  the 
prism  in  the  points  of  color  and  transparency.  Large  groups  are 
often  forms  showing  this  second  growth  in  parallel  position.  One  group 
of  gray  opaque  crystals  was  capped  with  beautiful  amethysts.  All  the 
figures,  excepting  I,  were  drawn  directly  from  the  crystals  and  are 
natural  size. 

The  determinations  of  planes  were  made  with  a  common  hand 
goniometer,  (the  results  compared  with  angles  recorded  in  Dana's 
Manual  of  Min.),  my  lettering,  therefore,  may  be  only  approximately 
correct. 

My  collection  embraces  many  crystals  from  this  county  of  all  the 
types  in  the  plate. 


/-2 


ALEXANDER    COUNTY    BERYLS. 


Figures  1  and  3  represent  the  extremes  in  form  of  the  Alexander 
county  beryls.    This  extraordinary  crystal  was  at  first  mistaken  for 


MINERALOGY.  89 

a  quartz  crystal.     It  was  quite  small,  clear,  had  both  ends  terminated 
and  but  a  slight  tint  of  green. 

Figure  2  is  the  most  common  form  at  the  locality  on  the  J.  Warren 
farm.  They  occur  green,  (light  emerald),  yellow,  bluish  green,  bluish 
and  sometimes  in  limpid  colorless  crystals.  Often  the  crystals  are 
highly  modified,  resembling  those  from  Siberia,  (figs.  2  and  3.) 

On  the  Warren  plantation  particularly,  a  few  fine  beryls  of  a  light 
chrome  green  color  have  been  found  loose  in  the  soil,  having  prisms 
of  six  and  twelve  sides,  and  perfect  terminations;  they  have  a  char- 
acteristic feature  of  apparently  having  been  filed  across  the  prismatic 
faces.  As  yet  they  have  not  been  found  of  sufficient  depth  of  color  or 
transparency  for  gems,  but  as  cabinet  specimens  they  are  not  surpassed 
in  beauty  by  any  beryls  heretofore  found  in  this  country.  They  are 
found  implanted  in  cavities  and  not  embedded  in  a  matrix,  as  is  the 
usual  case  with  beryls. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

WM.  EARL  HIDDEN. 


SYNOPSIS 


OF 

MINERALS  AND  MINERAL  LOCALITIES  BY  COUNTIES. 


ALAMANCE. 

Graham — McAden  mine,  gold  ;  pyrite. 
Newliris — Gold ;  pyrite ;  chalcopyrite. 
Holt  mine — Gold  ;  also  at  Anthony  mine. 

Dixon's  mine — On  both  sides  of  Haw  river,  in  placers;  Boyd  M.,  in 
placers. 

Cane  Creek  Mountains — Gold ;  epidote ;  chalcedony ;  magnetite. 

ALEXANDER. 

White  Plains — Scorodite;  columbite;  tourmaline,  (Lackey's  & 
Prices') ;  beryl  (at  Warren's,  Lackey's,  and  Prices') ;  rose  quartz ; 
smoky  quartz,  also  near  Taylors ville  ;  rutile,  geniculated  crystals,  and 
acicular  crystals  in  limonite  and  in  quartz ;  the  latter  also  near  Pop- 
lar Springs  ;  spodumene,  grass  green  crystals,  at  J.  W.  Warren's. 

Price  &  Keever  place — Beryl;  tourmaline;  columbite;  autuuite ; 
muscovite. 

Lead  mine — Amethyst. 

Roseman's  farm — Milky  quartz. 

Stony  Point — Monazite,  in  fine  crystals  ;  spodumene,  fine  transparent 
green  crystals. 

Marshall's  farm — Garnets,  two  feet  diameter. 

Brushy  Mts. — Malachite;  chalcopyrite;  graphite  asbestos;  tabular 
quartz. 

Elsewhere — Green,  brown  and  black  tourmaline;  graphite;  magne- 
tite ;  tantalite  ;  beryl,  yellow,  blue,  green  ;  quartz  crystals  with  basal 
plane,  also  with  other  singular  modifications,  also  smoky,  yellow  and 
milky;  monazite,  var.  turrierite;  asbestos;  pyrite  ;  magnetite ;  chalco- 


92  GEOLOGY   OP   NORTH   CAROLINA.' 

pyrite  ;  pyrolusite  ;  limonite,  pseudomorphous  after  siderite  ;  siderite; 
kaolinite;  orthoclase,  large  crystals,  (one  of  forty  pounds);  biotite; 
rauscovite;  rutile,  very  fine  at  Milholland's  mill  and  at  Robt.  John- 
son's ;  tourmaline  at  B.  Lyon's,  with  urmsal  terminal  angles,  (Hid- 
den). 

Barrett  Mi. — Graphite. 

ALLEGHANY. 

Peach  Bottom  mine — Pyrite ;  chalcopyrite ;  malachite  ;  galenite  ;  cu- 
prite; sphalerite;  rnolydenite. 

Roaring  Gap — At  H.Harris',  calchopyrite  (auriferous) ;  bornite, 

T.  Bryan's — Pyrite. 

Bullhead  Mt. — Cyanite;  magnetite;  garnet. 

Elsewhere — Graphite;  chrysolite;  gold,  in  placers;  martite ;  pyrite ; 
calcite ;  zoisite. 

ANSON. 

. 

Gold,  in  vein,  2  miles  south  of  Wadesboro. 

Quartz  crystals,  of  considerable  size,  at  several  points. 

Lignite  at  Boggan's  Cut. 

ASHE. 

Blue  Ridge,  S.  of  Jefferson — Muscovite  ;  black  tourmaline. 

Horse  Creek — At  Hampton's,  epidote  ;  magnetite;  manganese  garnet. 
At  Graybill's  :  magnetite;  epidote. 

Helton  Creek,  near  mouth — Magnetite  at  Ballou's. 

Ore  Knob  mine — Pyrite ;  calcite ;  chalcocite  ;  arsenopyrite ;  mala- 
chite; metallic  copper. 

Jefferson — Pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite,  2  and  6  miles  distant ;  graphite  in 
gneiss ;  chlorite  at  Willis'  mine ;  muscovite,  6  miles,  large  plates ;  3 
miles  east  and  at  Mulatto  mountain,  chalcopyrite. 

Three  Top  mountain — Tremolite. 

New  River,  South  Fork  near  mouth— Chrysolite;  chalcopyrite,  mag- 
netite. 

Gap  Greek  (Copper  Knob  mine) — Gold  ;  silver  ;  hematite  ;  epidote  ; 
bornite;  chalcocite;  chalcopyrite;  chrysocolla;  malachite. 


MINERALOGY.  93 

Elsewhere — Azurite  ;  cuprite  ;  actinolite  ;  talc  ;  chlorite  ;  asbestos ; 
graphite. 

BEAUFORT. 

Siderite,  in  nodules  ;  calcite  in  marl  beds,  and  in  Eocene,  (bottom 
of  Painlico  river,  and  on  Blount's  farm.) 

BERTIE. 

Calcite,  in  marl  beds. 

BLADEN. 

Calcite,  in  marl  beds. 

BRUNSWICK. 

Calcite,  in  marl  beds;  glauconite,  in  green  sand. 

BUNCOMBE. 

Asheville — Meteoric  iron  (!) ;  garnet ;  magnetite,  at  L.  W.  Sams' : 
ferrous  chloride  (!),  in  the  meteorite;  ochrepus  hematite;  hornstone; 
serpentine;  barite  (!),  granular,  on  Fox  Branch,  10  miles  below  Ashe- 
ville. 

Balsam  Gap  mine — Allanite  (!) ;  beryl ;  muscovite;  biotite  ;  albite  ; 
margarodite;  black  garnet ;  columbite. 

Cane  Creek — Calcite  ;  gold  ;  hematite  ;  limonite. 

Ivy  River — Chrysolite  ;  chromite  ;  hornstone,  genthite  ;  talc  ;  asbes- 
tos ;  tremolite. 

Brushy  Mountain  mine — Muscovite  ;  kaolinite  ;  orthoclase  ;  albite. 

Ream's  Creek — Garnet,  large  crystals. 

Burnet  mine—  Muscovite ;  orthoclase  crystals,  large,  (100  to  1,000  fts). 

N.  P.  Watkins' — Corundum;  cyanite ;  damourite;  tourmaline;  gar- 
net. 

French  Broad  River — 6  miles  north  of  Asheville,  meteoric  iron  (!). 

Hominy  Creek — Biotite. 

Pisgah  Mountain — 10  miles  S.  W.  of  Asheville,  meteoric  iron  (!). 

Turkey  Creek — Limoniie;  magnetite;  chlorite  ;  talc. 

Swannanoa  Gap — Corundum  in  cyanite  (!) ;  damourite ;  2  miles  S. 
W.  from  Gap,  limonite. 


94  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Swannanoa  River — Near  Asheville,  meteoric  iron  (!)  with  triolite ; 
actinolite  ;  black  hornblende  ;  9  miles  E.  of  Asheville,  serpentine. 

Geo.  Alexander's — At  mica  mine,  beryl ;  muscovite  ;  kaolinite. 

Elsewhere — Gold  ;  tourmaline  ;  massive,  6  miles  S.  of  Asheville,  and 
on  French  Broad,  near  Buck  Shoal ;  garnet ;  hematite  ;  galenite,  at 
L.  Fortune's  ;  muscovite  in  many  mica  mines  ;  beryl,  blue  ;  talc  ;  col- 
umbite ;  garnet ;  menaccanite ;  bed  of  limonite,  at  Blackwell's,  12 
miles  W.  of  Asheville. 

BURKE. 

Brindletown — At  Col.  J.  C.  Mills',  gold;  tetradymite;  brookite; 
smoky  quartz ;  chromite ;  anatase  ;  beryl ;  tourmaline,  black  and  green; 
pyrope;  zircon;  epidote;  fibrolite;  columbite  ;  samarskite ;  xenotime; 
monazite;  montanite;  fergusonite;  rutherfordite;  talc;  tremolite ; 
magnetite  ;  limonite ;  mennaccanite  ;  hematite  ;  tellurium  ;  asbestos ; 
cyanite:  corundum;  graphite;  rutile;  actinolite.  In  the  gold  gravel 
and  sands  of  the  county  occur:  gold;  palladium  (?);  corundum,  me- 
naccanite; chromite;  rutile;  anatase;  brookite  (!);  pyrope ;  zircon(I); 
epidote  ;  tourmaline,  black  and  green  ;  fibrolite ;  xenotime  (!) ;  mo- 
nazite^); wolframite  (?) ;  limonite;  magnetite;  hematite. 

Brown  Mountain — Platinum,  on  Gen.  Hoke's  farm  ;  fluorite ;  limon- 
ite; magnetite;  albite ;  kaolinite;  gold,  in  placers. 

Linville  Mountain — Menaccanite  ;  hematite ;  itacolumite(I) ;  radiated 
pyrophyllite ;  limonite;  graphite. 

Bridgewater — Manganese  garnet ;  gold. 

Morganton — Lead,  4  miles  north  ;  corundum  altered  into  damourite; 
quartz  crystals  ;  titanite  at  Morganton  Springs. 

Pax  Hill—Go\d  (I) ;  galenite. 

Scott's  Hill — Gold  ;  silver ;  cerargyrite ;  psilomelane ;  zircon  ;  pyrite. 

Shoup's  Ford — Beryl ;  garnet ;  corundum,  in  part  altered  to  fibro- 
lite (!) ;  gold  ;  magnetite  ;  menaccanite  ;  cyanite ;  tourmaline. 

South  Mountains — quartz  crystals,  inclosing  liquid  (!) ;  garnet  in 
trapezohedral  crystals  (!) ;  graphite,  8  miles  S.  E.  of  Morganton ;  Col. 
Gaither's  12  miles  S.  of  M.,  gold  in  veins  and  placers ;  beryl  (!)  yellow- 
ish green  and  deep  green  (aquamarine)  9  miles  S.  E.  of  Morganton  ; 
tourmaline  (!)  16  miles  S.  E.  of  Morganton  ;  4-6  miles  S.  of  Morgan- 
ton,  serpentine  ;  talc  ;  chlorite  ;  actinolite  ;  hematite ;  magnetite ;  as- 
bestos ;  tnagnesite ;  breunerite ;  chrysolite  ;  garnet ;  tremolite. 


MINERALOGY.  95 

Sugar  Mountains — Quartz  crystals,  double  terminations,  &c.;  asbes- 
tos; gold;  rutile;  magnetite;  beryl. 

jR.  Havenar'sfarm — tourmaline  ;  muscovite. 

/.  Huffman's  farm — Beryl ;  epidote  ;  actinolite. 

Laurel  road — 9  miles  from  M.,  garnets,  large. 

/.  London's  farm  -Epidote  ;  garnet;  pyrite  ;  gold. 

Tate'sfarm — gold  in  placers. 

G.  Deitz's  farm—  Beryl ;  tourmaline;  albite ;  sagenite. 

Hildebrand's  farm — Sagenite  ;  beryl ;  asbestos  ;  rutile. 

Van  Horn's  farm — Quartz  crystals,  inclosing  fluid  ;  quartz  crystals, 
with  basal  plane  ;  quartz  crystals,  smoky  ;  sagenite  ;  garnet. 

[The  last  eight  localities  are  furnished  by  Humphreys.] 

Elsewhere — Electrum  ;  tellurium  (Hidden);  lithomarge;  paragon- 
ite,  common  in  the  schists  of  the  eastern  section  of  county. 

CABARRUS. 

Gold  in  many  veins  and  placers  ;  meteoric  stone  ;  sulphur ;  chalco- 
pyrite;  magnetite;  limonite. 

Dan' I  Barnhardfs  farm — Barnhardite. 

Earringer's  mine — Gold;  arsenopyrite. 

Roger's  mine — Tetradymite  (!) ;  chalcopyrite  ;  azurite. 

Concord — Rose  quartz  ;  hyalite  ;  agate,  (also  at  Harrisburg) ;  chalco- 
pyrite ;  malachite ;  gold  ;  bornite ;  asbestos,  in  rose  quartz ;  tourma- 
line ;  magnetite. 

Cosby's  mine — stilpnomelane  (?) ;  wolframite  ;  scheelite  (!) ;  cupros- 
cheelite ;  siderite. 

Cullen's  mine — Tetradymite  (!) ;  cuprite  in  cubes  (!);  pseudomala- 
chite  ;  scheelite  (!) ;  malachite,  in  part  pseudomorphous  after  cuprite(!) ; 
azurite. 

f  lowe's  mine — Wolframite  (!) ;  rhombic  tungstate  of  lime  (!) ;  scheel' 
ite  (!) ;  barite. 

Near  Gold  Hill — Manganese  garnet ;  magnetite. 

House's  mill — Hematite. 

Geo.  Ludwick's  mine — Gold;  arsenopyrite  (I);  tetrahedrite  (!);  scoro- 
dite  (!) ;  pharmacosiderite  ;  olivenite  ;  pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite. 

McMakiris  mine— Silver  ;  argentite  ;  galenite ;  sphalerite  ;  prous- 
tite  (?) ;  tetrahedrite,  var.  freibergite  (! !) ;  pyrolusite ;  pyromorphite ; 
barite ;  goslarite ;  rhodochrosite ;  magnesite. 


96  GEOLOGY   OP  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Phoenix  mine — Gold  ;  tetradymite  (!) ;  in  Orchard  vein,  barite;  py- 
rite;  chalcopyrite. 

Love  mine,  North  Barrier,  Furness,  Elwood  and  No.  3,  a  group  of  mines 
around  Phoenix— Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite. 

Long's  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite ;  chalcopyrite ;  galenite. 

Crowell's  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  galenite. 

Newell  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite. 

Pharr  mine — Gold,  in  veins  and  placers ;  pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite. 

Usher  mine — Near  Concord  :  gold;  pyrite;  chalcopyrite. 

BlacTcwelder  mine — Gold. 

Barrier  mines — North,  Middle  and  South  B  :  Gold  ;  pyrite. 

California  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite. 

Pioneer  mills — Molybdenite;  chalcocite ;  chalcopyrite;  barnhard- 
ite  ;  molybdite  ;  chrysocolla. 

Reed's  mine — Gold  (! !). 

Proutman's  mine — Sphalerite  ;  pyromdrphite. 

Union  mine — Copper  in  arborescent  crystals  !  and  plates  ;  chalcocite; 
chalcopyrite  ;  cuprite  (!),  in  octahedra  ;  malachite,  fibrous. 

White's  mine — Chalcopyrite;  aikinite(?). 

Elsewhere — Gold;  pyrite;  agate;  barite;  galenite ;  sphalerite ;  mag- 
netite ;  steatite. 

CALDWELL. 

Baker's  mine — Galenite ;  serpentine ;  chrysotile  (!) ;  pyroinorphite  ; 
anglesite;  cerussite;  asbestos;  marmolite. 

Buffalo  river — Patterson's  mill,  pyrite  in  quartz. 

Lenoir — Magnetite ;  psilomelane,  4  miles  west :  6  miles  east,  asbestos  ; 
tremolite. 

Little  John  mine — Gold  (!) ;  galenite  ;  graphite. 

Miller's  mine — Gold  ;  galenite :  pyromorphite. 

Fort  Defiance — Tourmaline  ;  beryl ;  graphite ;  garnet. 

Patterson — Magnetite;  hematite;  menaccanite  ;  compact  serpentine. 

Wilson's  creek — Near  mouth,  serpentine;  talc. 

Upper  creek — Gold  ;  tourmaline  ;  limonite. 

Grandmother  Mt. — Near,  gold  in  placers  ;  pyrite  ;  quartz. 

Tuttle's  mine — Gold  in  placers. 

Richlands — Magnetite  ;  hematite ;  chlorite ;  serpentine ;  talc  ;  mar- 
tite. 

Middle  Little  river — Limonite;  paragonite;  damourite;  hematite. 


MINERALOGY.  97 

Lower  creek — Gold,  in  the  gravel  of  most  of  its  tributaries  below 
Lenoir. 

Elsewhere — Gold,  in  placers  and  veins;  sulphur;  cuprite;  pyrite ; 
quartz  crystals;  epidote;  muscovite;  orthoclase;  cyanite;  malachite; 
tourmaline;  paragonite,  common  in  schists;  damourite;  hematite; 
limonite;  chiorite;  tremolite. 

CAMDEN, 

Calcite  in  marl  beds* 

CARTERET, 

Calcite  in  marl  beds, 

CASWELL, 

Metoric  iron  (!) ;  garnet;  magnetite. 

Leasbwg — Albite  (?)  3  miles  west  of  Leasburg;  fibrous  tourmaline (!); 
chlorite ;  epidote. 

CATAWBA, 

JRaU  creek  mine — Magnetite;  kaolinite. 

Roberson  mine— Magnetite. 

Abernathy  mine — Magnetite. 

Ltttlejohn's  mine — Liraonite;  hematite. 

Hickory— Graphite, (crystalized);  pyrite  (1)  ill  cubical  crystals;  hem- 
atite; pyrolusite;  limonite;  quartz  crystals;  amethyst  (!);  garnet (!); 
muscovite;  pyrrhotite;  magnetite;  chalcopyrite. 

Hooper's  Quarry — Calcite,  granular;  pyrite;  gold;  graphite. 

Newton — Magnetite,  at  Barringer  mine,  and  Forney  mine. 

Powell's  Quarry — Calcite,  granular  (!);  pyrite, 
Shvford's  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite. 

Shuford's  Quarry — Calcite;  magnetite;  rose  quartz. 

South  Mts. — Graphite;  cyanite;  garnet. 
Anderson's  ML — Magnetite;  calcite. 

Forney's  mine — Magnetite. 

Beard's  mine — Magnetite. 

Powell's  factory — Manganese  garnet. 

Elsewhere — Gold,  in  placers  and  veins ;  graphite ;  rutile  in  acicular 
7 


98  GEOLOGY    OF   NORTH    CAROLINA. 

crystals  in   amethyst  (!) ;    rock  crystal  (!) ;    quartz   crystals   inclosing 
liquid  (!);  beryl  (!) ;  garnet  (!);  cyanite  ;    kaolinite;    alunogen;    wad; 
rutile  (sagenite)  at  D.  Lutz's;  beryl ;  paragonite,  common  in  the  schis- 
tose rocks. 
NEW  LOCALITIES — (Humphrey's) : 

E.  Batch's  farm — Muscovite ;  garnets  ;  amethyst ;  smoky  quartz  crys- 
tals containing  liquid  ;  crystals  of  quartz  with  basal  plane;  graphite; 
black  and  brown  tourmaline;  rutile  (acicular);  beryl,  (blue,  green, 
yellow) ;  feldspar. 

H.  Balctis  farm — Liquid  bearing  quartz  crystals;  gold;  sagenite. 

Widow  Balctis  farm — Sagenite;  liquid  bearing  quartz  crystals,  with 
basal  plane  ;  tourmaline ;  rose  quartz. 

Rev.  Huffman's  farm — Tessellated  quartz  crystals ;  do.  liquid  bearing; 
menaccanite ;  sagenite. 

Spencer's  farm — Quartz  crystals  doubly  terminated;  do.  liquid  bear- 
ing; do.  enclosing  mica  ;  do.  asbestos;  do.  pyrite;  rutile  in  quartz 
crystals;  amethyst;  cyanite;  tourmaline;  magnetite. 

Near  Canova — Smoky  quartz  crystals,  large  ;  crystals  of  amethyst, 
doubly  terminated,  enclosing  rutile  (yellow). 

CHATHAM. 

Buckhorn — Hematite,  foliated,  granular  and  micaceous  ;  magnetite; 
rutile  in  quartz ;  manganese  garnet ;  muscovite;  psilomelane;  limon- 
ite ;  epidote. 

Carbonton — Pyrophyllite  slate  ! 

Clegg's  Mine — Galenite;  bornite;  chalcopyrite;  pyrite  in  cubo-octa- 
hedra ;  cuprite;  chrysocolla;  pseudomalachite  (!) ;  cerussite(!);  mala- 
chite^) fibrous  and  earthy;  azurite;  anthracite;  calcite. 

Deep  River — Pyrophillite  slate  (1);  anthracite;  bituminous  coal. 

Egypt — Siderite,  (black  band  and  ball  ore) ;  dufrenite  (!) 

Evans'  Mine — Hematite;  chloritoid  in  pyrophillite  slate. 

Unthank's  Mine — Magnetite. 

Farmmlle — Siderite  (!)  (black  band  and  ball  ore) ;  bituminous  coal. 

Gulf — Siderite,  (black  band  and  ball  ore) ;  bituminous  coal ;  limo- 
nite. 

Lockville — 7  ms.  W.  of  L.,  foliated  and  micaceous  hematite ;  6  ms.  S. 
E.  of  L.,  fine  granular  and  compact  hematite. 

Kelly's  Ore  Bed — Hematite  (!) 

Glass'  Mine — Magnetite. 


MINERALOGY.  99 

Ore  Hill — Hematite,  compact,  foliated  and  micaceous;  limonite(!); 
magnetite. 

Cane  Creek — Gold,  in  veins ;  pyrite. 

William's  mine — Galenite  ;  chalcopyrite. 

Battle's  Dam — Rose  quartz  ;  hematite ;  manganese ;  garnet ;  psilo- 
melaiie. 

Snipes'  mine — Magnetite  ;  epidote ;  chrysocolla  ;  azurite. 

Danelly's  creek — Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  chlorite. 

Elsewhere — Gold,  in  placers  and  veins  ;  chalcopyrite,  mouth  of  Rocky 
river ;  pinite  ;  halite  in  brine  ;  amethyst ;  kaolin. 

CHEROKEE. 

Hanging  Dog  creek — Tourmaline  ;  limonite ;  staurolite. 

Marble  creek — Tremolite ;  talc ;  calcite  (granular),  white,  pink,  grey  ! 

Murphy — Galenite ;  pyrolusite ;  limonite  (!) ;  wad  ;  tremolite  ;  talc(f); 
cerussite  ;  at  No,  Six  mine,  calcite ;  tremolite  ;  gold  ;  galenite,  (argen- 
tiferous). 

Nantehaleh  river — Nitre  in  slates  ;  calcite  (!),  granular,  white  and 
pink ;  talc,  massive  white. 

Parker  mine — Staurolite  (!) ;  gold  ;  garnet. 

Peachtree  creek — Hematite;  garnet;  biotite  ;  limonite;  asbestos;  red 
ochre ;  talc. 

Valley  river — Hematite  ;  phlogopite  ;  talc  ;  calcite  (granular) ;  dolo- 
mite ;  yellow  ochre ;  limonite ;  gold,  in  placers ;  staurolite ;  corun- 
dum in  cyanite,  half  way  between  Murphy  and  Valleytown. 

Brasstown  creek — Gold  in  veins  and  placers ;  calcite ;  limonite. 

Notteley  river — Limonite ;  calcite  ;  talc ;  staurolite ;  garnet. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  placers ;  garnet  in  talcose  slates  ;  cyanite,  mere 
or  less  altered  into  damourite;  staurolite  (!) ;  also  pseudomorphs  of 
damourite  (?)  after  staurolite. 

CHOWAN. 
Catcite,  in  marl  beds. 

CLAY. 

Cullakenee  mine — Corundum  (!)  white,  grey,  pink  and  ruby,  frequently- 
altered  into  other  minerals ;  spinel  (!),  rare ;  chromite !  drusy  quartz ; 


100  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA.' 

black  hornblende  or  arfvedsonite  (!) ;  srnaragdite  (?) ;  chrysolite  (f) ; 
zoisite  (!) ;  andesite  (!) ;  labradorite  (!)  orthoclase  (!) ;  tourmaline  ;  ser- 
pentine, massive  and  variety  picrolite  (!) ;  willcoxite ;  margarite  (! !) ; 
talc. 

Shooting  creek — Corundum  (!)  ;  pseudomorphous  quartz  after  feld- 
spar (?);  actinolite;  chrysolite;  talc;  prochlorite ;  willcoxite (!);  mar- 
garite ;  rock  crystal ;  magnetite ;  cyanite ;  damourite ;  gold  in  placers  '•< 
rutile  in  black  crystals. 

Tusquittah  creek — Gold  in  placers  and  veins  ;  staurolite. 

Tipton's — Corundum  ;  cyanite  (green) ;  muscovite. 

CLEAVELAND. 

Whiteside  mine — Gold  in  placers. 

Mountain  mine — Rock  crystal  (!) ;  tourmaline  (!) ;  gold  ;  garnets. 
Gold  in  placers;  graphite;  arsenopyrite ;  galenite;  muscovite  (!)  ; 
melanterite  ;  alunogen  ;  pyrite,  abundant  in  gneiss  and  mica  schists  ; 
tourmaline. 

Cleaveland  Mills — 2  miles  distant,  limonite. 

Shelby — Within  a  few  miles,  muscovite  in  large  plates ;  magnetite  ; 
.actinolite ;  tourmaline. 

COLUMBUS. 
Calcite  in  marl  beds;  near  White ville,  in  crystals. 

CRAVEN. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds ;  glauconite,  in  greensand. 

CUMBERLAND. 
Petrified  wood,  Fayetteville ;  calcite  in  marl  bed ;  lignite,  limonite. 

CURRITUCK. 
Calcite,  in  marlbeds. 

DARE— (None.) 


MINERALOGY.  101 


DAVIDSON. 

David  Beck's  mine — Tetradymite  var.  2  (1)  inontanite  (!). 

Boss'  mine — Galen ite,  coarse  grained. 

Conrad  Hill — Chalcopyrite ;  hematite ;  limonite  ;  siderite ;  mala- 
chite. 

Allen  mine — Gold;  pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite;  arsenical  pyrite ;  tetrady- 
inite. 

Emmons1  mine — Chalcopyrite;  pyrite. 

Loftin  mine — Chalcopyrite ;  pyrite. 

Miller's  mine — Sphalerite;  chalcopyrite, 

Harris'  mine — Gold  :  pyrite ;  chalcopyrite. 

Moore's  mine — Galenite  ;  pyrite ;  calcite. 

Silver  Hill — Silver  (!) ;  argentite  ;  highly  argentiferous  galenite  (!) ; 
sphalerite  (!) ;  chalcocite;  pyrite;  chalcopyrite;  cuprite;  melaconite  ; 
zoisite  (?) ;  orthoclase  (!) ;  calamine  ;  pyromorphite  (I !) ;  green,  yellow, 
brown,  back  and  colorless  wavellite  (!) ;  stolzite  (!) ;  anglesite  (!) ;  gos- 
larite;  chalcanthite  (!) ;  calcite;  cerussite  (! !)  in  fine  crystals,  massive 
and  in  pseudomorphs  after  pyrite ;  malachite. 

Silver  Valley — Galenite;  sphalerite;  pyromorphite. 

Uharrie  river — Sphalerite. 

Russell  mine — Gold ;  pyrite. 

Ward's  mine — Gold;  electrum  (!) ;  pyrite;  chalcopyrite. 

Ddk  mine — Gold  ;  limonite ;  hematite  •  pyrite. 

Laughlin  mine — Gold;  limonite;  hematite;  pyrite. 

Miller  mine — Gold;  pyrite:  limonite;  hematite. 

Brown  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite. 

Midway — Gold  ;  pyrite ;  chalcopyrite  ;  chalcedony. 

Lick  creek — Meteorite. 

Elsewhere — Gold,  in  veins  and  placers  ;  titaniferous  magnetite. 

DAVIE, 

Magnetite ;  hematite,  in  several  localities  in  beds ;  calcite,  granular, 
on  Yadkin  river, 

DUPLIN. 
Calcite,  in  marlbeds ;  limonite;  glauconite  ;  pyrite;  lignite. 


102  GEOLOGY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


EDGECOMBE, 

Vivianite,  in  marl ;  limonite  ;  glauconite  ;  pyrite  ;  ligite ;  kao- 
linite,  near  Battleboro  ;  calcite  in  marl  beds. 

FORSYTHE. 

Pfaff's  quarry — Calcite,  granular. 

Near  Salem — Magnetite,  4  miles  S.;  manganese  garnet ;  halloysite  ; 
hematite. 

Near  Kernersville — Enstatite,  var.  bronzite ;  chrysolite ;  tourmaline  ; 
magnetite  ;  hematite  ;  chlorite. 

Broohtown — Calcite  ;  tremolite. 

Elsewhere — Titaniferous  magnetite  (!) ;  gold ;  also  pure  magnetite  (!) ; 
serpentine. 

FRANKLIN. 

Portis  mine — Gold  in  placers  (!);  diamond  (!) ;  muscovite,  in  large 
plates  ;  magnetite ;  asbestos ;  tabular  quartz. 

GASTON. 

Asbury's  mine — Silver;  tetradymite ;  galenite  ;  pyrrhotite;  pyrite; 
leucopyrite  ;  auriferous  arsenopyrite  ;  bismite ;  scorodite  ;  montanite  ; 
eerussite ;  bismutite  (!). 

Cansler  &  Shuford  mine — Gold  (!) ;  galenite. 

Clubb's  mountain — Corundum,  red  and  blue  (!),  also  mammillary 
(Dr.  Hunter) ;  rutile  (! !) ;  tourmaline,  granular  and  fibrous ;  leopard- 
ite;  cyanite(F);  pyrophyllite  (!) ;  damourite  (!) ;  lazulite  (!) ;  talc; 
quartz  crystals ;  margarite ;  hematite  ;  muscovite ;  manganese  gar- 
net ;  magnetite ;  gold. 

Orowder's  mountain — Corundum,  red  and  blue  (!),  also  variety  emery  ; 
rutile  (!)  in  crystals  and  granular;  gold;  menaccanite;  cyanite  (!) ; 
topaz  (?) ;  pyrophyllite  (!) ;  damourite  (!) ;  monazite  ;  lazulite  (!) ;  barite, 
with  galenite  (argentiferous);  hematite;  limonite;  sphalerite;  tour- 
maline ;  pyrite ;  chalcopyrite  ;  manganese  garnet. 

Yellow  Ridge— Magnetite. 

Stowe's  Factory — Magnetite. 


MINERALOGY.  103 

Sloan  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite. 

High  Shoals—  1  mile  above,  granular  calcite. 

Beck's — Pyrolusite;  manganese  garnet. 

Ellison  ore  bank — Hematite;  magnetite;  chlorite;  orthoclase;  epi- 
dote. 

Ormond  ore  bank — Limonite,  compact  and  fibrous;  psilomelane,  nic- 
coliferous. 

Mountainmine — Hematite,  mamillary  and  cellular;  pyrolusite. 

King's  Mountain — Gold;  galenite ;  altaite;  chalcopyrite  ;  sphalerite; 
tetrahedrite;  nagyagite  ;  magnetite  ;  bismite  ;  calcite;  dolomite,  pyr- 
rhotite;  chalcopyrite. 

Long  Creek  mine — Niccoliferous  psilomelane  (!) ;  gold;  pyrite;  fluo- 
rite ;  sphalerite;  mispkkel;  galenite. 

Duffie  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite;  chalcopyrite;  also  at  B.  Well's  mine. 

Oliver  mine — Gold;  silver;  galenite. 

White's  mills — Epidote;  biotite  ;  orthoclase  !  pyeuite  ;  titanite. 

Wells'  farm— Magnetite  ;  hematite;  pyrite  ;  rutile;  garnet;  zircon  (?); 
beryl;  tourmaline;  monazite  ,  asbestos;  mennaccanite ;  azurite  ;  bor- 
nite  (?)- 

Rhodes  mine— Gold  ;  also  at  Derr  mine,  Smith  mine,  Farrar  mine, 
Beattie  mine,  McLean  mine,  High  Shoals  mine,  Cannon  mine. 

Ferguson  mine — Magnetite;  pyrite. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  placers  and  veins;  sulphur;  pyrite;  magnetite; 
calcite,  compact  and  granular  ;  siderite. 

OATES. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds. 

GRAHAM. 
Gold;  ^aieite,  granular,  white  and  flesh  colored  ;  talc  ;  pyrite. 

•GRANVILLE, 

Near  Henderson — Talc;  chalcopyrite;  pyrite. 
Young's  X  Roads — Gold  ;  pyrite. 

Near  Oxford — Magnetite;  limonite;  epidote ;  hematite;  gold. 
Lignite,  on  Tar  river  near  Crews'. 


104  GEOLOGY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Knapp  of  Reeds — Joe  Woods',  hematite;  magnetite;  red  jasper; 
steatite. 

Sassafras  Fork — Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  a  few  miles  north,  malachite;  tour- 
maline ;  quartz  crystals ;  agate. 

Near  Shitoh  ehurch — Epidote  ;  labradorite  ;  calcite. 

GREENE. 

Limonite ;  siderite  ;  glauconite  ,-  calciter  in  marl. 

GUILFORIX 

Cambridge  mine — Chalcocite;  pyote(!);  chalcopyrite;  barnhardtite ; 
chrysocolla ;  malachite. 

Fisher  Hill — Gold;  pyrite;  chalcopyrite;  magnetite;  hematite;, 
menaccanite  ;  limo-nite:  pseudomalachite ;  siderite. 

Beard  M.— Gold. 
friendship — Granular  corundum  (emery);  titaniferous  magnetite. 

Gardner  Hill — Bornite(f);  chalcopyrite;  chryscolla;  malachite. 

Greensboro — Hornblende  at  Polecat  creek  ;  pyroxene;  pyrite;  5ms. 
west,  gold  ;.  pyrite;  chlorite;  9  ins.  s.,  kaolinite,  and  6  ras.  west. 

Near  Alamanee  chureJi — Kaolinite. 

McCulloh  mine — Copper;  cuprite  in  acicular  crystals ( f)  ;  pyrite; 
chalcopyrite;  siderite;  malachite. 

Near  Jctmestown — Gold;  pyrite;  steatite. 

North  Carolina  (Fentress)  mine — Cuprite  in  acicular  crystals  (f);  pyrite; 
chalcopyrite;  siderite;  malachite. 

Phoenix  mine — Chalcopyrite  ;  coveliite. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  veins;  meteoric  iron;  molybdenite  ;  limonite  :. 
rock  crystal ;  pyrite;  manganese  garnet;  magnetite;  asbestos  in  green 
quartz  (!).  (Humphrey's),  titaniferious  magnetite-,  with  hematite  and 
limonite,  chlorite,  in  a  double  range  of  outcrops,  of  20  miles  length,, 
across  the  n.  w.  section  of  the  county,  from  the  head  of  Deep  river,  on 
the  Forsy the  line,  to  the  Rockingham  line,  near  the  Piedmsont  railroad 
at  Haw  river. 

HALIFAX. 

Near  Ransom^s  Bridge — Gold  in  placers;  pyrite. 

Fishing  Creek — Magnetite  crystals  and  cubical  pyrite  in  slate. 


MINEKALOGY.  105 

Gaston — Hematite,  micaceous  and  granular;  magnetite;  chlorite; 
limonite  ;  6  miles  south,  Bines'  place,  hematite;  magnetite. 

Elsewhere — Petrified  wood ;  epidote ;  zircon  and  garnet,  in  gold 
gravels ;  calcite  and  glaucouite  in  marl. 

HARNETT. 

Harrington — Calcite,  granular. 
Near  Buckhorn — Hematite. 

Northingtoris  Dam — Chrysocolla;  calcite,  in  gneiss  rock. 
Little  river — Magnetite,  several  places. 
Elsewhere — Kaolinite;  talc;  magnetite. 

HAY  WOOD.* 

Big  Ridge  mine — Muscovite  ;  biotite  ;  tourmaline ;  apatite ;  marga- 
rodite ;  menaccanite. 

Waynesville — 2  miles  above,  talc;  asbestos;  tremolite;  on  Richland 
creek,  2  miles  below,  psilomelane ;  garnet;  limonite;  damourite. 

Hall's  mine — Chrysolite;  corundum;  talc;  chlorite;  tremolite. 

Presley  mine — Corundum,  blue  and  grey,  altered  into  damourite  and 
albite;  albite;  damourite  in  large  crystals,  also  in  scales  crypto  crys- 
talline and  compact. 

Wilkins'  Creek — Magnetite  with  limonite ;  chalcopyrite  ;  pyrite. 

Cove  Creek — Psilomelane  ;  limonite. 

Pigeon  River,  east  fork — Corundum  ;  pyrrhotite. 

T   Pigeon    River,  west  fork — At   Sorrell's    mine,  niccoliferous  (?)   pyr- 
rhotite. 

Johnathan's  Creek — Cyanite  ;  pyrrhotite  ;  graphite  ;  garnets. 

HENDERSON. 

Coleman's Station — Zircon;  phlogopite;  jefferisite. 
Green  River — On  south   side   of  Blue  Ridge,  at  Freeman's,  zircon  ; 
xanthitane ;  calcite,  granular. 
Elsewhere — Beryl;  limonite;  hematite;  vermiculite ;  meteoric  iron. 

HERTFORD. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds. 


106  GEOLOGY  OF    NORTH   CAROLINA. 

HYDE — (None.) 
IREDELL. 

Sell's  Bridge — Pyrite  in  soapstone ;  corundum!  in  globular  masses, 
partly  altered  into  damourite,  &c. ;  at  Hendrick's  farm,  corundum  in 
hexagonal  crystals !  partly  altered  into  margarite ;  actinolite  ;  ortho- 
clase  ;  tourmaline;  damourite!  soda-margarite  at  Hendrick's  farm. 

Center  Point,  at  Beam's  farm — limonite  (!)  pseudomorphous  after 
nodular  pyrite. 

Crawford's  farm — Quartz  pseudomorphous  after  calcite. 

Damascus — Menaccanite. 

Dr.  Halyburtoris — Cucopyrite  (!) ;  scorodite. 

King's  Mill — Graphite  (!);  hematite  in  hexagonal  plates  in  quartz  ; 
rutile  (!) ;  in  quartz,  at  Mrs.  Jordan's,  Alex.  Lackey's,  Misses  Bennett's, 
Thomas  Adams'  and  Mrs.  Smith's  farms ;  rock  crystal  (!) ;  quartz  crys- 
tals inclosing  liquid  (!) ;  chalcedony ;  tourmaline  (!). 

Mount  Pisgah — Rutilated  quartz  (!)  at  Mrs.  Daniel's  farm  ;  chloritic 
mineral  resembling  thuringite. 

Spring  Mountain — Graph ite(!). 

Statesville — 6  ms.  E.,  talc,  with  actinolite;  2  ms.  West,  corundum  (!) 
rarely  altered  into  cyanite  !  orthoclase  (!)  on  Houp's  farm  ;  cyanite  (!) 
2  ms.  W.  and  6  ms.  S.  W.  of  Statesville  on  Hoover's  farm,  with 
damourite  (!) ;  4  miles  distant,  goethite  in  thin  scales,  in  light  red 
feldspar. 

Bethany  Church — Allanite,  with  small  crystals  of  zircon. 

Elsewhere — Marcasite ;  magnetite  near  Comb's,  and  on  South  Yad- 
kin  river. 

JACKSON. 

Cullowhee  mine — Chalcocite;  pyrite;  inelaconite;  chalcopyrite  (!) ; 
hornblende ;  malachite. 

Hogback  mine — Corundum  (!) ;  rutile  in  corundum,  rare  ;  chromite  ; 
drusy  quartz;  chrysolite  (!) ;  andesite  (!) ;  tourmaline;  damourite  (!); 
dudleyite;  margarite  (!). 

Savannah  mine— Chalcopyrite :  hornblende ;  tourmaline  ;  malachite. 

Horse  Cove — Muscovite  ;  beryl. 

Tennessee  Creek — Tremolite ;  grammatite  ;  chlorite ;  actinolite. 


MINERALOGY.  107 

Waryhut  mine — Chalcocite ;  chalcopyrite  ;  cuprite ;  malachite. 

Georgetown  and  Fairfield — Gold  in  places. 

Webster- — Corundum;  chromite;  pyrolusite ;  wad;  chalcedony; 
drusy  quartz ;  enstatite  (!) ;  tremolite  (!) ;  actinolite  (!) ;  asbestos  ;  chrys- 
olite (!) ;  talc  (!) ;  serpentine ;  marmolite ;  deweylite ;  genthite  ;  pen- 
ninite(!);  magnesite(I)  crystalline  and  earthy. 

Wolf  Creek  mine — Chalcocite;  native  copper;  chrysocolla;  chalcopy- 
rite; malachite. 

Ainslic's — Chrysolite  ;  chromite  ;  talc ;  chlorite ;  enstatite ;  smarag- 
dite  (?)  asbestos;  tremolite;  garnet;  actinolite:  albite. 

Scott's  Creek — Chrysolite;  chromite;  talc;  penninite;  (var.  ka3m- 
mererite) ;  enstatite ;  chlorite ;  corundum,  (blue  and  pink.) 

Toxaway  river — Calcite,  granular. 

Casher's  Valley — Gold  in  placers  ;  chalcopyrite ;  pyrite. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  placers;  psilomelane;  calcite;  asbestos;  talc; 
limouite;  muscovite  in  many  mica  mines;  galenite. 

JOHNSTON. 

Fossil  wood ;  limonite  in  many  places  near  Smithfield ;  chloritic 
talc  slate  near  Clayton ;  kaolinite ;  magnetite;  pyrite;  tourmaline; 
graphite;  epidote;  muscovite;  quartz  crystals;  hematite. 

JONES. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds;  limonite. 

LENOIR. 
Calcifce,  in  marl  beds  ;  glauconite,  in  greensand  marl. 

LINCOLN. 

Lincolnton — Calcite;  12  ms.  N.  W.,  reticulated  acicular  rutile ;  kao- 
linite ;  graphite;  limonite,  7  ms.  N.  W.  and  2  ms.  east. 

Brevard's  Forge — 1J  miles  from  Vesuvius  furnace,  magnetite  (!) ; 
manganese  garnet;  quartz  crystals. 

Cottage  Home — Diamond  (!) ;  gold  ;   chalcopyrite. 

Macpelah  Church — Manganese  garnet;  pyrite  and  chalcopyrite,  2 
miles  east. 


108  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Randleman's — quartz  crystals  ;  amethyst  (!). 

Stowe's  Quarry — Calcite,  granular  and  compact. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  placers  and  veins ;  sulphur ;  graphite  ;  hematite ; 
magnetite;  limouite;  muscovite  ;  kaolinite  ;  epidote;  pyrite ;  calcite, 
near  Lincolnton  (!) ;  asbestos  ;  chalcedony  ;  garnet;  psilomelane  ;  talc; 
cuprite;  cyanite,  blue  and  red  ;  galenite ;  graphite ;  linionite;  rnenac- 
canite;  actinolite. 

MACON. 

Houston's  mine — Muscovite;  corundum;  talc ;  tremolite ;  chlorite; 
tourmaline. 

Lyle's  mine — Muscovite ;  biotite  jkaolinite. 

/.  Moore's — Chromite;  corundum. 

Thorn  Mt.  mine — Muscovite ;  biotite  ;  margarodite  ;  manganese  gar- 
net;  albite ;  uranochre ;  zippeite;  beryl;  pyrrhotite;  chalcopyrite. 

Culsagee  mine  or  Corundum  Hill — Corundum  (!)  in  beautiful  varieties 
in  crystals  and  massive,  and  frequently  in  part  altered  into  other 
minerals;  chromite  (!) ;  spinel  (!)  in  crystals  and  granular;  rutile(!), 
rare;  diaspore  (!)  one  specimen  only  known;  drusy  quartz  (!)  and 
quartz  crystals ;  chalcedony;  hyalite  (!) ;  enstatite  (!) ;  tremolite;  ar- 
fredsonite  (!) ;  chrysolite  (!) ;  andesite  (?) ;  oligoclase  ;  tourmaline  (!)  ; 
talc ;  serpentine  (!) ;  deweylite  (!) ;  cerolite  ;  genthite  (!) ;  culsageeite  (!); 
kerrite  (!) ;  maconite  (!) ;  penninite  (!) ;  prochlorite  (!) ;  willcoxite  (!) ; 
margarite  (!) ;  anthophyllite  ;  actinolite;  magnetite. 

Near  Franklin — Sphalerite;  chalcopyrite;  menaccanite (!) ;  wad  ;  gar- 
net (!);  epidote  (!);  fibrolite(!);  cyanite  (!);  staurolite  (!);  kaolinite  (!); 
rhodochrosite. 

Haskett's— Limestone  quarry ;  magnetite ;  corundum  (!),  in  part 
altered  into  damourite ;  tourmaline;  calcite;  garnet;  molybenite. 

Jacob's  mine — Corundum;  asbestos;  tremolite;  chrysolite. 

Sugartown  creek — Chromite;  tremolite;  actinolite;  asbestos;  chrys- 
olite; garnet;  biotite;  orthoclase  ;  magnetite;  hematite. 

Nantehaleh  River — Asbestos ;  fibrous  talc  at  Jarrett's  ;  black  horn- 
blende ;  calcite. 

Tennessee  River,  below  Franklin — Garnet ;  staurolite  ;  cyanite  ;  dam- 
ourite ;  columbite. 

Whiteside  Mt. — Tremolite ;  orthoclase ;  actinolite  ;  garnet ;  chal- 
copyrite ;  magnetite ;  asbestos. 


MINERALOGY.  109 

Ellijay  Creek — Near  Higdon's  ;  corundum  :  chlorite;  asbestos;  chro- 
mite ;  magnetite;  hematite;  garnet;  chrysolite;  at  Goshen,  calcite, 
granular  ;  coccolite  ;  graphite. 

Highlands — Gold  ;  rose  quartz. 

Catoogajay  Creek — Magnetite,  at  Sloan's. 

Elsewhere — Graphite;  garnet;  chalcopyrite ;  magnetite;  hornblende, 
23  miles  below  Franklin;  beryl;  rose  quartz;  magnetite;  musco- 
vite  and  biotite  in  numerous  mica  mines ;  gold  and  galenite  in  Cowee 
mountains. 

MADISON. 

Bear  creek— Magnetite  (!),  two  miles  from  mouth  ;  green  coccolite,  in 
granular  calcite  ;  chlorite;  epidote  ;  cyanite ;  staurolite ;  talc ;  garnet, 
(large  crystals). 

Big  Laurel — Magnetite  (!) ;  meuaccanite  (!) ;  milky  quartz  ;  pyrite ; 
calcite,  granular  and  massive. 

Carter's  mine — Corundum  (!  !)  in  peculiar  white  and  pink  varieties; 
spinel  (!);  chromite;  hornstone;  drusy  quartz;  tremolite;  chrysolite (!); 
andesite  (!) ;  prochlorite  (!) ;  culsageeite;  menaccanite  ;  beryl! 

French  Broad  river — Orthoclase;  calcite,  with  coccolite;  limonite,  in 
heavy  bed,  near  state  line. 

Jewell  Hill — Meteoric  iron(!) ;  ferrous  chlorite  in  meteorite;  hema- 
tite. 

Near  Marshall — Calcite  ;  galenite  ;  bornite  ;  chalcopyrite  ;  epidote  ; 
fluorite ;  hematite,  near  Gudger's  9  miles  below  M.;  corundum  (!),  3 
miles  below  M.;  diaspo^re  (?);  prochlorite  (!);  margarite  ;  barite,  at  Chan- 
dler's, 9  miles  below  M.;  4  miles  west  of  M.,  smoky  quartz,  in  doubly 
terminated  crystals. 

Walnut  creek,  near  French  Broad  river — Green  coccolite,  in  calcite  : 
phlogopite. 

Warm  Springs — Slaty  damourite(I);  calcite;  red  jasper;  pyrite;  psil- 
omelane ;  gold,  in  veins  and  placers. 

Shut  In  creek — Calcite ;  jasper. 

Spring  creek — Magnetite,  in  large  bed,  massive. 

Ivy  river — 2  miles  from  mouth,  Smith  mine,  magnetite  ;  pyroxene  ; 
at  Radford's,  hematite  and  magnetite. 

Brush  creek — Magnetite,  at  Freeman's  and  Sikes1 ;  coccolite  in  cal- 
cite. 


110  GEOLOGY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Haynie  mine — Blue  corundum  ;  rulite;  margarite  ;  green  crystals  of 
hornblende;  magnetite;  chlorite;  menaccanite. 

MARTIN. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds. 

MCDOWELL. 

Cedar  Cove,  at  Dodson's  mine — Sphalerite ;  calcite,  granular  and 
compact. 

Kirksey's  mine — Tetradymite. 

Linville  Mountains — Itacolumite  ;  radiated  pyrophyllite  ;  liinonite, 
in  many  places;  hematite;  calcite,  granular  and  compact,  several 
places. 

Turkey  Cove — Galcite,  granular  and  compact. 

Turkey  creek — Bee  rock,  epidote  (!) ;  tourmaline.' 

In  the  gold  placers — Gold  ;  corundum  ;  menaccanite ;  rutile  ;  chro- 
mite;  brookite;  pyrope  ;  zircon  (!) ;  epidote;  fibrolite;  pyromelane  ; 
xenotime  (!) ;  monazite  (!) ;  diamond  ;  anatase. 

Marion — Within  a  few  miles,  limonite ;  manganese  garnet ;  psilo- 
inelane. 

Round  Knob — Cyanite ;  garnet ;  paragonite. 

Grave  Yard  mountain — Hematite;  limonite;  calcite. 

Head  of  Tom's  Creek — Magnetite;  muscovite  ;  kaolinite. 

Elsewhere — Limonite ;  calcite  ;  sarmarskite. 

MECKLENBURG. 

BeaHie's  Ford — Rutile !  in  acicular  crystals. 

Capp's  Hill — Magnetite  :  gold  ;  pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite. 

Charlotte — Orthoclase  var.  leopardite  (!);  at  the  Rudisill  mine,  gold 
pyrite  ;   chalcopyrite  ;  white  siderite  ;  2  miles  from  Charlotte,  pyrite  ; 
chalcopyrite ;  magnetite,  fine  granular. 

Davidson  College — Radiated cyanite;  pyrophyllite;  gold;  agate,  5  ms. 
south  at  D.  CaldwelPs ;  hematite  at  Gibson's,  5  miles  from  D.  Col- 
lege ;  7  miles  south,  fine  crystals  of  rutile;  12  miles  southwest,  gran- 
ular hematite. 

Hopewell  mine — Chalcopyrite  ;  chrysocolla ;  pyrite. 


MINERALOGY.  Ill 

McGinn  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite ;  barnhardtite ;  cuprite 
in  acicular  crystals;  melaconite  ;  pseudomalachite ! 

Old  Harris  mine — Hematite  ;  menaccanite. 

Providence — 12  miles  south  of  Charlotte,  chalcopyrite  ;  gold  ;  pyrite ; 
magnetite. 

Todd's  Branch — Gold  ;  diamond  (!) ;  zircon  (!) ;  garnet  :  monazite ! 

Tackasegee  ford — Epidote  ;  labradorite  near  T.  Ford. 

Stephen  Wilson's  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite ;  chalcopyrite  ;  siderite. 

Gibson  mine — Gold  ;  also  at  Jordan  mine,  Brown  mine,  Carson  mine, 
Icyhour  mine,  Burnett  mine,  Neal  mine,  Brawley's  mine. 

Roswell  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  also  at  Stearne's  mine,  Rogers'  mine, 
Stinson  mine,  Crosby  mine,  Johnson  mine,  Juggernaut  mine, 
Frazer  mine,  Taylor  mine,  Maxwell  mine,  Nolen  mine,  Crump 
mine,  Bane  mine,  McCorcle  mine,  Hunter  mine,  Henderson  mine, 
Alexander  mine,  J.  Alexander's  mine,  Caldwell  mine,  Davidson  & 
Blake  mine. 

Sugar  Creek — Magnetite. 

faire's  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite. 

Frederick  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite ;  chalcopyrite  ;  chrysocolla ;  malachite. 

Maxwell  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite;  also  at  Clark's  mine,  Ray 
mine,  Hipp  mine,  Trotter  mine,  Harris  mine,  Henderson  mine,  Kern 
mine,  Cathey  mine,  G.  C.  Cathey's  mine,  Sloan  mine,  McLean  mine, 
Charlotte  mine,  and  Queen  mine. 

Elsewhere — Gold,  in  placers  and  veins;  copper  in  quartz  crystals; 
sulphur;  magnetite,  near  Steele  creek  church;  foliated  hematite  at 
Sol.  Reid's;  tourmaline. 

MITCHELL. 

Toe  River  Ford — Actinolite,  large  crystals  in  talc;  muscovite. 

Pumpkin  Patch  Mi — Labradorite. 

Bakersville — 2|  ms.  S.  of  B.,  chromite(l);  saponite;  quartz  crystals; 
chalcedony  (!) ;  eustatite  (!) ;  tremolite  ;  actinolite  ;  chrysolite  (!) ;  talc  ; 
rutile,  penetrating  corundum  ;  serpentine  ;  deweylite  ;  penninite  (!) ; 
magnesite;  1J  miles  S.  E.,  asbestos;  talc;  limonite;  corundum;  2 
miles  S.  E.,  limonite ;  psilomelane. 

Blalock's — Garnet ;  muscovite  (!) ;  orthoclase  (!) ;  kaolinite. 

Buchanan  mine— Guinmite ;     yttrogummite  (?) ;     asbestos ;     beryl ; 


112  GEOLOGY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

allanite(!);  muscovite  (!) ;  albite  (!) ;  phosphuranylite  (!) ;  cyanite  ; 
graphite;  manganese  garnet ;  black  garnet. 

Cane  Creek — menaccanite(!);  actinolite;  talc;  asbestos;  near  head, 
graphite;  rutile;  garnet. 

Crab  Orchard — Menaccanite  (!). 

Autrey's — On  Brush  creek,  quartz  crystals,  smoky  ;  black  garnet  ; 
koalinite. 

Canberry — Magnetite  (!) ;  pyroxene  ;  epidote. 

Deake  mine — Quartz,  flattened  out  between  muscovite ;  muscovite  (!); 
colurnbite  (!) ;  gummite. 

Flat  Rock — Menaccanite  (!) ;  uraninite  (!) ;  gummite  (!) ;  zircon; 
garnet;  epidote;  zoisite,  var.  thulite  (!);  muscovite  (!) ;  pink  musco- 
vite (!) ;  albite  (!) ;  orthoclase  (!) ;  uranotil  (!) ;  phosphuranylite  (!) ; 
autunite  (!). 

Grassy  Creek — Samarskite  ;  menaccanite  ;  kaolinite  ;  beryl,  large  ; 
muscovite;  autunite ;  margarodite  ;  hyalite. 

Point  Fizzle — Albite  (I);  apatite  (!) ;  pyrophyllite  ;  actinolite;  beryl; 
garnet ;  manganese  garnet. 

Old  Fields  of  Toe — Miller's  Gap,  epidote  ;  talc  ;  chlorite. 

Unaka  mis. — Magnetite  (!) ;  zircon  (!) ;  epidote ;  hematite. 

Wiseman  mine — Muscovite(!) ;  kaolinite;  hatchettolite(!);  columbite(!); 
samarskite  (!);  euxenite(I);  rogersite  (!) 

Gillespie  Gap — Psilomelane  ;  monazite. 

Pumpkin  Patch  Mt. — Magnetite ;  labradorite ;  garnets. 

Burlisoris — Asbestos;  actinolite;  talc. 

Lick  Ridge  mine — Muscovite ;  albite  ;  garnet,  red  and  black  ;  biotite  ; 
pyrite;  chalcopyrite. 

Cox  mine — Smok}'  quartz  ;  manganese  garnet ;  albite;  autunite  ;  mus- 
covite ;  biotite ;  apatite  ;  labradorite  ;  pyrite. 

Elsewhere — Galenite  (!) ;  rutile  ;  garnet ;  epidote  ;  fergusonite :  acti- 
nolite, (S.  Blalock's) ;  eeschinite;  rock  crystal ;  muscovite;  kaoliuitein 
numerous  mica  mines. 

MONTGOMERY. 

Check's  creek — Fossil  wood. 
Cottonstone  Mountain — Pyrophyllite  ! ! 
Crump  mine — Gold  (!)  in  placers. 
Christian  mine — Gold  in  placers. 


MINERALOGY.  113 

Steele  mine — Gold  (! !) ;  galenite ;  sphalerite ;  chalcopyrite ;  albite ; 
prochlorite;  calcite. 

Burnett  Mountain — Gold  in  placers. 

Swift  Island  mine— Gold  1 1 

Beaver  Dam  mine — Gold  in  placers.  • 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  veins  and  placers ;  argentite  in  slates  ;  magnetite. 

MOORE. 

Carthage,  12  miles  east — Hematite. 

Cheek  mine — Chalcopyrite  ;  malachite ;  azurite  ;  galenite ;  red  jas- 
per ;  epidote ;  talc ;  calcite  ;  argentite. 

Soapstone  Quarry — Slaty  pyrophyllite  (!) ;  pseudomalachite. 

Upper  Lit.  river — Cyanite. 

Welch's — Chrysocolla  ;  chlorite. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  veins  and  placers ;  pyrite ;  fossil  wood ;  at  E. 
Kelly's,  limouite ;  at  P.  Martin's,  agate ;  at  J.  Dunlap's,  quartz  crys- 
tals; at  Johnson's  Mill,  acicular  hornblende  in  quartz. 

NASH. 

Tom  Arrington  mine — Gold  in  placers. 
Portis  mine — Gold  in  placers. 
Mann  mine — Gold  in  placers. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  placers;  meteoric  stone;  crocoite(I);  hematite; 
limonite;  calcite,  in  placers. 

NEW  HANOVER. 
Calcite  (!),   granular  and  crystalline ;  lignite ;  glauconite ;  limonite. 

NORTHAMPTON. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds. 

ONSLOW. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds. 


8 


114  GEOLOGY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

ORANGE. 

Chapel  Hill — Hematite  (!) ;  limonite ;  epidote ;  near  C.  H.,  chalcopy- 
rite ;  pyrite ;  magnetite  *  serpentine  ;  hematite,  pseudomorphous  after 
pyrite. 

Hillsboro — pyrite  in  cubes ;  pyropbillite  (!) ;  chlorite  in  fine  scales  ; 
epidote;  barite(!),  atLattamiue;  braunite  ;  hematite,  6  miles  south  ; 
pyrite;  chalcopyrite. 

Eno  river — Serpentine ;  steatite. 

Elsewhere — Halite  in  brine;  micaceous  hematite  at  Flat  river;  epi- 
dote ;  hematite,  pseudomorphous  after  pyrite  ;  serpentine  j  moss  agate  j 
•slaty  pyrophyllite. 

PAMLICO. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds. 

PASQUOTANK — (None). 

FENDER. 
Calcite ;  glauconite ;  limonite. 

PERQUIMANS — (None). 
PERSON. 

Mi.  Tirzah — Hematite,  micaceous ;  menaccanite. 

Barnett  mountain — White  cyanite  (!). 

Dillahay's  mine — Gold ;  radiated  quartz. 

Gillis'  mine — Chalcocite ;  pyrite  ;  covellite ;  micaceous  hematite  ; 
chrysoeolla  ;  cuprite  ;  malachite  ;  calcite. 

Mill  creek — Chalcocite  ;  chrysoeolla. 

Harris'  mine — Copper  in  epidote. 

Woodsdale — Gold  in  vein  ;  pyrite. 

Elsewhere — Graphite,  on  Hico  and  on  Cane  creek  ;  limonite ;  steat- 
ite ;  talc ;  hematite ;  magnetite. 


MINERALOGY.  115 


PITT. 

Calcite ;  glauconite;  siderite;  limonite,  in  beds  near  Tranter's 
creek  ;  succinite. 

POLK. 

Sandy  Plains — At  Davis'  mine,  gold  ;  limonite  ;  pyrite.  At  Morris' 
mine,  gold  ;  monazite  ;  pyrite ;  epidote ;  asbestos  ;  tourmaline.  At 
Prince  mine,  monazite ;  rutile  ;  zircon. 

Morrill  Mills'  gold  mine — Euclase  (!). 

Hungary  river — Gold,  in  placers. 

Pacolet  river — Gold,  in  placers. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  placers;  monazite;  xenotime ;  rutile;  epidote; 
quartz  crystals  ;  inanganeze  garnet ;  turgite. 

RANDOLPH. 

Pilot  Knob — Pyrophillite  (!) ;  gold,  in  placers;  acicular  rutile  in 
quartz. 

Hoover  Hill  mine — Gold  ;  galenite  ;  calcite. 

Kinley  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite. 

Jones  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite  ;  limonite. 

Parish  mine — Gold  ;  talc ;  tremolite ;  actinolite. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  veins  and  placers;  meteoric  iron  (!);  magnetite; 
siderite ;  hematite,  (micaceous). 

RICHMOND. 

Hitchcock  creek — Orthoclase  (!) ;  oligoclase. 

Hamlet — Kaolinite. 

Elsewhere — Pyrophyllite,  in  quartz  schists  ;  chlorite. 

ROBESON. 

Calcite,  in  marl  beds ;  kaolinite. 


116  GEOLOGY   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 


ROCKINGHAM. 

Madison — Chalcopyrite  at  W.  Lindsay's  ;  manganese  garnet. 

Lealcsvilk — Semi-bituminous  coal. 

Smith's  river,  2  miles  E.  of  Morehead's  factory — Hematite  ;  gold  ;  as- 
bestos. 

Troublesome  creek — Magnetite  ;  hematite  ;  limouite. 

Smith's  mountain — Meteoric  iron  (! !)  with  schriebersite  and  ferrous 
chloride. 

Reidsville — Magnetite,  6  miles  N. 

Elsewhere — Halite  in  brine ;  titaniferous  magnetite  (!) ;  garnet ;  cya- 
nite. 

ROWAN. 

Gold  Hill — Gold(!);  bismuthinite  ;  pyrite;  chalcopyrite ;  arsenopy- 
rite  (!)  at  Honeycutt's  ;  magnetite. 

Salisbury — Orthoclase  (!)  7  miles  S.,  Gold  Hill  road,  pyrite ;  chalco- 
pyrite ;  chrysocolla ;  talc. 

Yadkin  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite. 

Dunn  Mountain  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite ;  chlorite. 

Snider  mine — Gold  ;  pyrite. 

Grupy  mine — Chalcopyrite;  pyrite;  chrysocolla. 

Cope  mine — Gold  ;  also  at  Rymer  M.,  Haynes  M.,  Cady  M.,  Bringle 
M.,  Trexler  M.,  Yadkin  M.,  Bane  M.,  Roseman  M..  Earnhardt  M., 
Holtshauser  M.,  in  veins  and  placers. 

Elseiuhere — Orthoclase   in  large  and  twin  crystals;    gold;    pyrite. 

RUTHERFORD. 

Brindletown  creek — Diamond  (!). 

Jeanstown — Platinum  ;  palladium  (!) ;  at  Weaver's,  garnet ;  epidote  ; 
pyrope;  tourmaline;  gold;  manganese  garnet. 

Rutherfordton — Quartz,  pseudomorphous  after  calcite  (!). 

Shemwell  mine — Arborescent  gold  (!). 

Second  Broad  river — Head  of  it,  gold  in  veins  and  placers ;  pyrite. 

Twitty's  mine — Diamond  (!). 

At  the  Gold  Placers  generally — Gold  ;  corundum  in  grains  and  crys- 
tals ;  menaccanite ;  rutile ;  chromite ;  brookite ;  rock  crystal ;  pyrope ; 


MINERALOGY.  117 

zircon  (!) ;  epidote  ;  samarskite;    rutherfordite ;    xenotime  (!) ;  monaz- 
ite ;  wolframite  (?) 

Elsewhere — Amethyst ;  melanterite  ;  aluuogen  ;  fergusonite ;  aiia- 
tase;  dark  gray  corundum  ;  fibrolite;  tourmaline;  gold;  pyrite. 

SAMPSON. 
Calcite  in  marl  beds ;  lignite. 

STANLEY. 

Hearne  mine — Gold ;  pyrite ;  chalcopyrite ;  calcite ;  chlorite ;  serpen- 
tine. 

Crowell  mine — Gold. 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  veins  and  placers. 

STOKES. 

Coffee  Gap — Lazulite  (!)  with  damourite  in  quartz. 

Danbury — Magnetite  (!) ;  pyrolusite;  actinolite;  cyanite !  6  ins.  E.  of 
D. ;  titanite  (Rogers'  ore  bank). 

Dan  river — Opalescent  quartz ;  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal. 

Germanton — Fossil  wood ! ;  at  Bolejack's  quarry,  actinolite(!) ;  phlogo- 
pite ;  granular  calcite;  2  miles  E.  of  G.,  serpentine;  calcite. 

Moore's  mill — Manganese  garnet. 

Peter's  creek — Sulphur  ! 

Sauratown  mountain — Itaeolumite(!);  asbestos. 

Snow  creek — Hematite,  at  Martin's  quarry  ;  chalcedony ;  hornstone  ; 
phlogopite  ;  granular  calcite  ;  agate ;  amethyst ;  hyalite  ;  jasper. 

Stokesburg — Rock  crystal ;  anthracite  and  bitumous  coal. 

Elsewhere — Copper;  graphite;  chalcopyrite;  muscovite  in  pyrite; 
siderite;  tourmaline;  talc;  muscovite  (large  plates) ;  epidote;  limon- 
ite ;  calcite,  granular,  on  Little  Yadkin  and  Dan  rivers. 

SURRY. 

Dobson — 10  miles  north,  manganese  garnet ;  pyrolusite;  talc,  green 
crystals;  serpentine;  steatite;  actinolite;  breunerite;  rnagnesite  ; 
magnetite;  chlorite;  hausmannite;  wad. 


118  GEOLOGY   OF  NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Ararat  river — 4  ms  S.  E.  of  Mt.  Airy,  pyrite ! ;  magnetite ! ;  garnet 
white  cyanite ! 

Chestnut  mountain — Octahedral  magnetite ! 

Fisher's  Peak — Octahedral  magnetite. 

Pilot  mountain — Talc ! 

lom's  creek — Magnetite. 

Rockford — Steatite. 

War  Hill — Milky  quartz. 

Williams'  mine — Magnetite. 

Elkin — 10  ms.  north,  limonite;  hematite;  5  ins.  northeast,  pyrite  ; 
chalcopyrite ;  chrysocolla. 

Elsewhere — Graphite  ;  tourmaline  ;  garnets ;  magnetite  ;  limonite  : 
chalcopyrite;  sulphur;  galenite ;  pyrrhotite ;  pyrite;  psilomelane  > 
asbestos. 

SWAIN. 

Oconalu/tee  river — Gold ;  galenite,  argentiferous  ;  pyrite  ;  chalco- 
pyrite. 

A.  Nichols — Pyrolusite  ;  chalcocite  ;  tourmaline. 

Quallatown — Gold,  in  placers. 

Elsewhere — Itacolumite;  magnetite;  hematite;  limonite;  talc. 

TRANSYLVANIA. 

Boyston  river — Gold  in  placers;  granular  calcite;  limonite. 
Davidson  river — Chalcopyrite ;  pyrite. 
Mills'  river — Calcite. 
Srevard — Chlorite :  graphite. 

Elsewhere — Pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite ;  rose  quartz  ;  pyrrhotite  ;  tourma- 
line; graphite. 

TYRRELL — (None.) 
UNION. 

Lemmondmine — Gold(!);  electrum(!);  galenite;  sphalerite;  pyrite; 
arsenopyrite ;  pyromorphite. 
Long  mine — Gold  ;  galenite. 
Moore's  mine— Gold;  sphalerite;  pyrite;  chalcopyrite;  galenite. 


MINERALOGY.  119 

Pewter  mine — Electrum. 

Phifer  mine — Gold ;  silver ;  galenite ;  also  at  Lewis  m.,  and  Wash- 
ton  m. 

Stewart  mine — Gold  (!) ;  electrum  (!) ;  galenite  ;  sphalerite ;  pyrite  ; 
arsenopyrite ;  pyromorphite. 

Union  mine — Gold,  also  at  Davis  m.,  Dulin  m.,  Fox  Hill  m.,  Crump 
m.,  Cureton  m. 

Walkup's  mine — Barite  (!),  granular. 

Smart  mine — Gold;  pyrite;  chalcopyrite;  galenite;  sphalerite. 

Elsewhere — Gold,  in  veins  and  placers. 

WAKE. 

Barton  Greek — Pyrite,  large  cubes  ;  hematite,  pseudomorphous  after 
pyrite;  tourmaline;  chlorite;  margarodite. 

Brassfields — Calcite ;  chalcedony. 

Witherspoon's — Granular  calcite. 

Wyatt's — Limonite. 

Cary — Pyrite;  hematite;  martite. 

N.  W.  corner  of  county — Serpentine ;  asbestos ;  actinolite ;  steatite ; 
cyanite. 

Soapstone  church — Talc;  asbestos;  serpentine. 

Morrisville — Granular  calcite. 

Raleigh — Menaccanite (!) ;  epidote;  hematite;  magnetite;  musco- 
vite  ;  paragonite ;  near  R.,  chalcopyrite ;  pyrite ;  graphite. 

Elsewhere — Graphite (!);  pyrite;  magnetite;  amethyst;  tourmaline; 
biotite;  calcite. 

WARREN. 

JRansom's  Bridge — Gold  ;  garnet. 

Elsewhere — Quartz  crystals ;  magnetite ;  epidote  ;  gold,  in  placers ; 
garnets. 

WASHINGTON. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds. 


120  GEOLOGY  OP  NORTH  CAROLINA. 


WATAUGA. 

Beech  mountain — Fine  grained  galenite  (!) ;  pyrite  ;  at  Pogie,  galenite. 

Cooke's  Gap — Arsenopyrite ;  hematite  (!) ;  magnetite  (!) ;  itacolum- 
ite  (!) ;  limonite ;  martite. 

Cove  creek — Magnetite  ;  limonite. 

Rich  mountain,  head  of  Cove  creek — Chromite  ;  quartz  crystals  ;  ac- 
tinolite;  chrysolite;  epidote;  penninite ;  tremolite. 

Beaver  Dam  creek — Magnetite. 

Elk  Knob — Pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite  ;  pyrrhotite  ;  epidote  ;  limonite  ; 
garnet. 

Miller  mine — Pyrite  ;  chalcopyrite  ;  limonite. 

Watauga  river — Calcite  ;  epidote  ;  chlorite. 

Elk  river — Jasper;  epidote;  chlorite;  calcite. 

Hardin  mine — Gold,  in  placers. 

Boone  Fork — Quartz  crystals,  (fine.) 

Elsewhere — Gold  in  placers ;  galenite ;  fluorite ;  epidote  ;  limonite ; 
magnetite ;  cyanite ;  talc ;  chromite ;  chlorite ;  menaccanite  ;  asbestos. 

WAYNE. 

Fossil  wood  ;  lignite  ;  pyrite  ;  calcite,  in  marl  beds. 

WILKES. 

Wilkesboio— «2  ms.  north,  serpentine;  talc;  garnet. 

Mulberry  river — Magnetite. 

Blue  Ridge — 3  ms.  S.  of,  on  road  to  Jefferson,  garnet ;  orthoclase  ; 
apatite. 

Bending  Rock  mountain — Itacolumite. 

Roaring  river — Magnetite. 

Elk  creek — Galenite  ;  cerussite. 

Hint  Knob — Galenite  (agentiferous) ;  pyrite. 

Elkin  creek — barite  ;  limonite;  galenite;  cerussite. 

Honey  creek — Rutile  (!)  in  acicular  crystals  in  brownish  amethyst. 

Elsewhere — Graphite;  corundum  (!)  mostly  altered  into  cyanite; 
pyrite ;  cyanite  (!) ;  mixture  of  damourite,  margarite,  &c.,  resulting 
from  the  alteration  of  cyanite. 


MINERALOGY.  121 

Trap  Hill  mine — Galenite ;    pyrrhotite ;    chalcopyrite    (auriferous) ; 
pyrite  ;  rutile ;  garnet ;  tourmaline ;  magnetite. 
Reddie's  river — Serpentine. 

WILSON. 
Calcite,  in  marl  beds ;  limonite. 

YADKIN. 

Near  Yadkinville — Gold. 

Boyden's  quarry — Calcite,  compact  and  granular. 
Campbell  mine — Magnetite. 

Hobson's  mine — Magnetite ;  tremolite  ;  magnetite  (!)  at  East  Bend 
and  elsewhere. 

Near  forks  of  Yadkin  river — Calcite. 

Jonesboro — Pyrite  in  cubes  in  slates  ;  chalcopyrite. 

YANCEY. 

Bald  Mountain — Grayish  green  actinolite;  magnetite. 

Bwrnsmlle — Platinum  (?) ;  labradorite  (!)  6  ms.  N.  of  B;  tourmaline 
at  Parrot's  Ford,  3  ins.  from  B;  tantalite  (!). 

Hampton's,  Mining  creek— Chromite  (!) ;  chalcedony;  enstatite;  tre- 
molite (!) ;  actinolite  ;  asbestos ;  chrysolite  (!) ;  orthoclase  ;  talc  (!) ; 
serpentine;  deweylite;  penninite;  magnesite ;  epidote,  in  fine  green 
crystals ;  bronzite. 

Hurricane  mountain — cyanite  (!) ;  titanite  ;  damourite. 

Bald  creek — Chrysolite;  talc:  asbestos;  serpentine;  tremolite; 
chlorite  ;  pyrite  ;  actinolite  ;  epidote. 

Ivy  river — Menaccanite. 

Bay's  Mica  mine — Fluorite  (!),  pseudomorphous  after  apatite  ;  yttro- 
cerite  (?) ;  beryl  (!) ;  garnet ;  zircon  ;  rutile  ;  muscovite  (!),  also  a  scaly 
pink  variety  ;  orthoclase;  tourmaline  (!),  black  and  yellowish  green; 
kaolinite  ;  a^schynite  (!) ;  columbite  (?) ;  apatite  ;  monazite,  very  rare  ; 
autunite ;  amazon  stone;  cyanite;  albite;  smoky  quartz. 

Mitchell's  Peak — Cyanite  ;  fibrolite  ;  garnet ;  tourmaline  ;  biotite. 

Young's  mine — Enstatite;  chlorite;  serpentine;  chrysolite;  chro- 
inite;  talc;  asbestos;  tremolite;  pyrite;  manganese  garnet,  and  gar- 
net crystals  ;  bronzite  ;  tourmaline  ;  muscovite. 


122  GEOLOGY  OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

Presnett  ( Young's)  mine — Muscovite  ;  albite  ;  apatite  ;  autunite. 

Gibb's  mine — Muscovite  ;  albite  ;  garnet ;  glassy  feldspar. 

Guggenheim's  mine — Muscovite ;  albite  ;  manganese  garnet ;  apatite ; 
margarodite ;  hyalite;  tourmaline;  autunite. 

Rocky  creek — Muscovite ;  pyrite  ;  graphite. 

Elsewhere — Graphite;  allanite;  cyanite;  columbite ;  magnetite;  on 
Crabtree  creek,  massive  reddish  garnet ;  rutile  ;  muscovite  ;  in  many 
mica  mines,  pyrite. 


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